- warm blooded animals, can maintain their own body temperature - have high oxygen requirements

CGIER 27 - Respiratory system: Pathways and Mechanism Flashcards by Kelliane Tambe

What is the function of aerobic respiration and what does it require?

Aerobic respiration is highly effective at producing ATP from glucose but requires a steady supply of O2

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what is the product of glycolysis?

pyruvic acid

requires 2 ATP

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What is produced after glycolysis if oxygen is not present and what process occurs?

lactic acid
ethanol
fermentation (fermentation)

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What is process occurs when oxygen is present after glycolysis?

krebs cycle use 36 ATP

oxidative phosphorylation

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Three distinct stages of respiratory system?

External respiration
Internal respiration
Gas transport

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External respiration

transfer oxygen into blood from atmosphere

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Internal respiration

cellular respiration O2 uptake and CO2 production within cell

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gas transport

transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood. (through blood stream through capillary beds in cells)

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homiotherms

warm blooded animals, can maintain their own body temperature
have high oxygen requirements

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Function of respiratory system

supply oxygen to body

remove CO2 from body

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Level of respiration depends on…

metabolic activity - oxygen requirement

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phayrnx

The back of the nasal cavities is continuous with the pharynx.
-An opening in the floor of the pharynx leads to the larynx

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what does larynx contain?

contains the vocal cords, cartilage embedded in its wall prevents the larynx from collapsing

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what is the epiglottis and what is its function?

flap that automatically closes off the larynx during swallowing so that food and liquid enter the oesophagus rather than the lower airway

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constituents of the pharynx

nasopharynx(top)
oropharynx (middle)
laryngopharynx (bottom)

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common infections in upper respiratory system

Common Cold
Sore throat
Earache
Blocked sinuses
Nasal Congestion

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what type of infection is commonly found in upper respiratory tract

viral but can be bacterial

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viruses that infect upper respiratory tract

rhinovirus
influenza
bocavirus

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lower respiratory tract

starts at trachea
bronchus
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
alveolar sacs

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where can we find hyaline cartilage in the lower respiratory system and why is it present

in trachea and bronchi

used to prevent it from closing in on itself

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what kind of cells are found in the inner lining of epithelium of bronchus

mucous secreting goblet cells

what kind of epithelium is in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

ciliated epithelium - pushes the mucous secreted by goblet cells to assist in cough reflex

type of lining in the alveolus and its purpose

is lined by an extremely thin, single layer of epithelial cells. Allows gases to diffuse freely through the walls of the alveolus and into the capillaries that surround it.

what are the 2 thin cell layers between alveolus and capillary

epithelium of alveolar wall and endothelium of capillary wall

2 cell types of alveolar walls

Type I pneumocyte | Type II pneumocyte

Type I pneumocyte

pulmonary epithelium. These cells are extremely thin to allow for gas exchange, endothelium thickness = 0.5µm

Type II pneumocyte

secretes surfactant. Surfactant = a phospholipid acts as detergent and reduces surface tension - allows alveolus to open and prevents it from collapsing

respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies

``` premature babies (under 32 weeks) have not fully developed type II pneumocytes lung expansion is difficult insufficient surfactant - surface tension won't allow alveoli to expand ```

causes of respiratory distress syndromw

baby is delivered early | lungs are one of the last organs to fully develop as they are not needed until birth

how is respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies treated?

put on a mechanical ventilator - forced expansion oxygen therapy - increased conc. of oxygen synthetic or natural surfactants are given

how many lobes do the left and right lung both have

left - 2 lobes | right - 3 lobes

why is the left lung smaller than the right lung

left lung is smaller to make space for heart - left lung has cardiac notch

components of thoracic cage

anterior sternum posterior spinal column rib cage diaphragm

what are the lungs covered by?

by visceral pleura (inner) parietal pleura contains fluid inbetween linings

what do pleural walls secrete

secrete serous membrane

infection of serous membrane in pleural walls is called

pleurisy

pressure in intrapleural space in lungs

-4 mm Hg less than atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure acts as suction to keep lungs inflated

what causes the lungs to collapse?

when the intrapleural pressure in lungs is 0 - no suction allows lungs to contract - a lot of elastic tissue in the lungs

pneumothorax - intrapleural pressure during expiration and inspiration

exp. = -2 mm Hg | insp. = -6 mm Hg

3 processes during inspiration

(active) The diaphragm contracts - less convex, flat and low the intercostal muscles - short muscles that lie between the ribs external intercostal muscles - contract - ribs go outward and upwards - push sternum out - increase volume

processes of expiration

passive - elastic recoil diaphragm and intercostal muscle relax diaphragm - rises and becomes convex again chest wall falls inward reduced volume in chest cavity - raise in pressure

respiratory centre in the brain

medulla and pons

respiratory centre - medulla

dorsal respiratory group - stimulates inspiratory movements | ventral respiratory groups - stimulates expiratory movements

3 respiratory groups of neurons in respiratory centre

dorsal respiratory group(medulla) ventral respiratory group(medulla) pontine respiratory group (pons)

pons - respiratory centre

pontine respiratory group has 2 groups 1. pneumatoxic centre - sends inhibitory signals to inspiratory centre of medulla 2. apneustic centre - stimulates the inspiratory neurons of dorsal and ventral groups

chemical regulation - chemosensory area

in medulla sensitive to CO2 and H+ conc. - drop in pH | high levels cause excitation of inspiratory area

chemoreceptors - chemical regulation

in carotid and aortic bodies sensitive to PO2 conc. - oxygen conc decreased PO2 send impulse to inspiratory via vagus X and glossopharyngeal IX

Basic rhythm generated by ...

neuronal oscillatory circuit in inspiratory area

Hering- Breuer reflex

stretch receptors in lung tissue, bronchi, bronchioles may on activation transmit inhibitory signal via the vagus nerve (X) to the inspiratory area; prevents over-inflation of the lung

path of inspiration

inspiratory circuit fires(2 seconds) nerve impulse diaphragm and external intercostal muscle contract inspiration

path of expiration

inspiratory circuit dormant 3 seconds expiratory area dormant expiration by default