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CGIER > CGIER 27 - Respiratory system: Pathways and Mechanism > Flashcards

CGIER 27 - Respiratory system: Pathways and Mechanism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of aerobic respiration and what does it require?

A

Aerobic respiration is highly effective at producing ATP from glucose but requires a steady supply of O2

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2
Q

what is the product of glycolysis?

A

pyruvic acid

requires 2 ATP

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3
Q

What is produced after glycolysis if oxygen is not present and what process occurs?

A

lactic acid
ethanol
fermentation (fermentation)

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4
Q

What is process occurs when oxygen is present after glycolysis?

A

krebs cycle use 36 ATP

oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

Three distinct stages of respiratory system?

A

External respiration
Internal respiration
Gas transport

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6
Q

External respiration

A

transfer oxygen into blood from atmosphere

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7
Q

Internal respiration

A

cellular respiration O2 uptake and CO2 production within cell

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8
Q

gas transport

A

transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood. (through blood stream through capillary beds in cells)

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9
Q

homiotherms

A
  • warm blooded animals, can maintain their own body temperature
  • have high oxygen requirements
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10
Q

Function of respiratory system

A

supply oxygen to body

remove CO2 from body

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11
Q

Level of respiration depends on…

A

metabolic activity - oxygen requirement

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12
Q

phayrnx

A

The back of the nasal cavities is continuous with the pharynx.
-An opening in the floor of the pharynx leads to the larynx

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13
Q

what does larynx contain?

A

contains the vocal cords, cartilage embedded in its wall prevents the larynx from collapsing

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14
Q

what is the epiglottis and what is its function?

A

flap that automatically closes off the larynx during swallowing so that food and liquid enter the oesophagus rather than the lower airway

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15
Q

constituents of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx(top)
oropharynx (middle)
laryngopharynx (bottom)

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16
Q

common infections in upper respiratory system

A 
Common Cold
Sore throat
Earache
Blocked sinuses
Nasal Congestion
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17
Q

what type of infection is commonly found in upper respiratory tract

A

viral but can be bacterial

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18
Q

viruses that infect upper respiratory tract

A

rhinovirus
influenza
bocavirus

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19
Q

lower respiratory tract

A 
starts at trachea
bronchus
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
alveolar sacs
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20
Q

where can we find hyaline cartilage in the lower respiratory system and why is it present

A

in trachea and bronchi

used to prevent it from closing in on itself

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21
Q

what kind of cells are found in the inner lining of epithelium of bronchus

A

mucous secreting goblet cells

22
Q

what kind of epithelium is in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

A

ciliated epithelium - pushes the mucous secreted by goblet cells to assist in cough reflex

23
Q

type of lining in the alveolus and its purpose

A

is lined by an extremely thin, single layer of epithelial cells. Allows gases to diffuse freely through the walls of the alveolus and into the capillaries that surround it.

24
Q

what are the 2 thin cell layers between alveolus and capillary

A

epithelium of alveolar wall and endothelium of capillary wall

25
Q

2 cell types of alveolar walls

A

Type I pneumocyte

Type II pneumocyte

26
Q

Type I pneumocyte

A

pulmonary epithelium. These cells are extremely thin to allow for gas exchange, endothelium thickness = 0.5µm

27
Q

Type II pneumocyte

A

secretes surfactant.
Surfactant = a phospholipid acts as detergent and reduces surface tension - allows alveolus to open and prevents it from collapsing

28
Q

respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies

A 
premature babies (under 32 weeks) have not fully developed type II pneumocytes 
lung expansion is difficult insufficient surfactant - surface tension won't allow alveoli to expand
29
Q

causes of respiratory distress syndromw

A

baby is delivered early

lungs are one of the last organs to fully develop as they are not needed until birth

30
Q

how is respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies treated?

A

put on a mechanical ventilator - forced expansion
oxygen therapy - increased conc. of oxygen
synthetic or natural surfactants are given

31
Q

how many lobes do the left and right lung both have

A

left - 2 lobes

right - 3 lobes

32
Q

why is the left lung smaller than the right lung

A

left lung is smaller to make space for heart - left lung has cardiac notch

33
Q

components of thoracic cage

A

anterior sternum
posterior spinal column
rib cage
diaphragm

34
Q

what are the lungs covered by?

A

by visceral pleura (inner)
parietal pleura
contains fluid inbetween linings

35
Q

what do pleural walls secrete

A

secrete serous membrane

36
Q

infection of serous membrane in pleural walls is called

A

pleurisy

37
Q

pressure in intrapleural space in lungs

A

-4 mm Hg
less than atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure
acts as suction to keep lungs inflated

38
Q

what causes the lungs to collapse?

A

when the intrapleural pressure in lungs is 0 - no suction
allows lungs to contract
- a lot of elastic tissue in the lungs

39
Q

pneumothorax - intrapleural pressure during expiration and inspiration

A

exp. = -2 mm Hg

insp. = -6 mm Hg

40
Q

3 processes during inspiration

A

(active) The diaphragm contracts - less convex, flat and low the intercostal muscles - short muscles that lie between the ribs
external intercostal muscles - contract - ribs go outward and upwards - push sternum out - increase volume

41
Q

processes of expiration

A

passive - elastic recoil
diaphragm and intercostal muscle relax
diaphragm - rises and becomes convex again
chest wall falls inward
reduced volume in chest cavity - raise in pressure

42
Q

respiratory centre in the brain

A

medulla and pons

43
Q

respiratory centre - medulla

A

dorsal respiratory group - stimulates inspiratory movements

ventral respiratory groups - stimulates expiratory movements

44
Q

3 respiratory groups of neurons in respiratory centre

A

dorsal respiratory group(medulla)
ventral respiratory group(medulla)
pontine respiratory group (pons)

45
Q

pons - respiratory centre

A

pontine respiratory group has 2 groups

  1. pneumatoxic centre - sends inhibitory signals to inspiratory centre of medulla
  2. apneustic centre - stimulates the inspiratory neurons of dorsal and ventral groups
46
Q

chemical regulation - chemosensory area

A

in medulla sensitive to CO2 and H+ conc. - drop in pH

high levels cause excitation of inspiratory area

47
Q

chemoreceptors - chemical regulation

A

in carotid and aortic bodies
sensitive to PO2 conc. - oxygen conc
decreased PO2 send impulse to inspiratory via vagus X and glossopharyngeal IX

48
Q

Basic rhythm generated by …

A

neuronal oscillatory circuit in inspiratory area

49
Q

Hering- Breuer reflex

A

stretch receptors in lung tissue, bronchi, bronchioles may on activation transmit inhibitory signal via the vagus nerve (X) to the inspiratory area; prevents over-inflation of the lung

50
Q

path of inspiration

A

inspiratory circuit fires(2 seconds)
nerve impulse
diaphragm and external intercostal muscle contract
inspiration

51
Q

path of expiration

A

inspiratory circuit dormant 3 seconds
expiratory area dormant
expiration by default

CGIER (17 decks)

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