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CFD > CFD6- Development of the face and maxilla > Flashcards

CFD6- Development of the face and maxilla Flashcards

1
Q

what is the front-nasal process?

A

Prominence in the upper facial area at the most cephalic end of the embryo

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2
Q

what is the cephalic end?

A

Head end of a structure such as the trilaminar embryonic disc

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3
Q

what are the mandibular processes?

A

Processes of first branchial arch that fuse at the midline to form mandibular arch

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4
Q

what is the mandibular arch?

A

Lower dental arch with mandibular teeth or the 1st Branchial/Pharyngeal arch inferior to the stomodeum in the embryo

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5
Q

what are the maxillary processes?

A

Prominence from mandibular arch that grows superiorly and anteriorly on each side of the stomodeum of the embryo

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6
Q

what is the maxillary arch?

A

Upper dental arch in which the maxillary teeth form

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7
Q

what is the nasal placode?

A

Placodes that develop into olfactory organ for the sensation of smell located in the mature nose

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8
Q

what is the placode?

A

Area of ectoderm found at the location of the developing special sense organs on the embryo

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9
Q

when does development of the face start?

A

4 weeks

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10
Q

where does the face begin to develop?

A

squeezed between the brain and developing heart

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11
Q

what layers are involved in facial development?

A

all 3 embryonic layers

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12
Q

what are the five facial processes?

A
  • Frontonasal prominence
  • 2 paired maxillary
  • 2 paired mandibular
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13
Q

what is “fusion”?

A
  • “fusion” of prominences by elimination of furrow

- between medial nasal prominences

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14
Q

what is true fusion?

A

True fusion of separate processes between medial nasal prominence and maxillary process

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15
Q

what is a result if true fusion does not occur?

A

cleft palate

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16
Q

what membrane disintegrates in the stomodeum?

A

temporary membrane

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17
Q

what chamber is formed?

A

oro-nasopharyngeal chamber

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18
Q

what is the primary palate?

A

– from the fused medial nasal prominence (intermaxillary segment)
– does not separate oral and nasal cavities - demarcates

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19
Q

where are placodes located?

A

all on the same level

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20
Q

How do the eyes move during development of the face?

A

move from the side of the face inwards

21
Q

How does the maxillary process develop?

A

develop across and fill the gap

22
Q

at 7 weeks , what stage is development at?

A

true fusion has occurred and this is the flat face

23
Q

what happens at 10 weeks?

A

all structures are fully formed and now cartilage and bone will be laid

24
Q

what has formed at the 4th week?

A

– primitive stomodeum bounded by
– FNP, max. and mand. process
– nasal placodes, develop into nasal pits

25
Q

what has formed at the 5th week?

A

– nasal pit surrounded by lateral + medial nasal

prominence

26
Q

what has formed at the 6th and 7th week?

A

Medial nasal prominences fuse together and fuse with maxillary processes

27
Q

what is the frontonasal contributions to the face?

A

forehead, bridge of nose

28
Q

what is the medial nasal contributions to the face?

A

philtrum of the lip, crest and tip of nose

29
Q

what is the lateral nasal contributions to the face?

A

alae of nose

30
Q

what is the maxillary contributions to the face?

A

cheeks, lateral upper lip

31
Q

what is the mandibular contributions to the face?

A

lower lip

32
Q

what actions does the mesenchyme have?

A
  • streams of mesenchyme migrate and proliferate to lay matrix
  • ectodermal will stop and differentiate into cartilage
  • mesodermal produce a lot of matrix and grow down and bind to the tongue
33
Q

what is the first sign of the tooth development?

A

6 weeks - primary epithelial band

34
Q

when does the nasal septum form ?

A

week 7

35
Q

what produces cartilage of the nose?

A

chondroblasts

36
Q

Describe the nasal cartilage.

A

- Mesenchymal condensation

  •  Primary support for developing maxilla
  •  continuous with the cartilages of the cranial base
37
Q

what is the area between the maxilla?

A

intermaxillary segment

38
Q

Describe the ossification -bone formation.

A

- 6-7th week - mandible
- 8th week - maxilla
- 8th week - palate and nasal capsule

39
Q

what are the 2 methods of osteogenesis?

A
  • intramembranous

- endochondral

40
Q

what ossification produces most of the bones of the face?

A

intramembranous

41
Q

Describe the intramembranous ossification.

A
  •  Mesenchymal cells → osteoblasts 
  • Osteoblasts deposit osteoid….
  •  Mineral deposited
  •  Osteoblasts trapped → osteocytes
42
Q

where is the primary centre of ossification in the maxilla?

A

– maxillary process
– near nasal capsule
– between the infraorbital nerve and its ant. sup. alv. branch

43
Q

what is the 4 types of maxilla?

A
  • frontal process
  • palate
  • zygomatic
  • alveolus
44
Q

describe the pre maxilla in animals.

A

– separate premaxilla

– separate intermaxillary ossification centres

45
Q

is there pre maxilla in humans?

A

no

46
Q

Describe formation of the vomer.

A
  • week 8
  • Develops in inferior aspect of the nasal septum
  • intramembranous
47
Q

Describe the control of pattern formation.

A

-Retinoic acids
-Five growth factors families implicated in the facial development:
BMP, FGF, Shh, Wnt and endothelins

48
Q

what do the growth factors control?

A

proliferation, survival and apoptosis

49
Q

Describe clinical aspect of facial development.

A
  • Cleft lip around 1:1000 births. Can be unilateral of bilateral.
  • Genes or environmental factors.
  • Genes include Dlx 1/2/5/6 affects FGF8, Sonic Hedgehog, EGF amd BMP4.
  • Failure of fusion of maxillary process with medial nasal process

CFD (10 decks)

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