CESTODES Flashcards
PLATYHELMINTHES
Classes:
Cestoda
Trematoda
Morphology:
1. [?], segmented, generally flattened [?]
2. No [?]
3. Food is absorbed by the [?]
Elongated, ribbon-like; dorsoventrically
alimentary tract and vascular system
cuticle
Parts:
Scolex
Neck
Strobila
The segments are either:
Craspedote
Acraspedote
Apolytic
Anapolytic
: proglottids overlap
Craspedote
: proglottids don’t overlap
Acraspedote
: segments are detached with mature eggs
Apolytic
: proglottids are shed when they are exhausted of eggs
Anapolytic
Excretory system has
flame cell/protonephridium
Reproductive System (most cestodes are [?] and exhibit [?])
MONOECIOUS
protandry
Vas deferens and vagina have common genital pores that may open on the following:
a. Ventral surface with uterine pore (D. latum)
b. Lateral: same side of proglottids (Hymenolepis species)
c. Lateral: irregularly alternate (Taenia spp)
d. Bilateral: 2 sets of reproductive organs are present (D. caninum)
a. Ventral surface with uterine pore
(D. latum)
b. Lateral: same side of proglottids
(Hymenolepis species)
c. Lateral: irregularly alternate
(Taenia spp)
d. Bilateral: 2 sets of reproductive organs are present
(D. caninum)
- male copulatory organ
CIRRUS
Male uterus
a. Coiled
b. Secular
c. Tube or straight
Gravid uterus
a. Reticular with ova in capsules (D. caninum)
b. With lateral branches (Taenia spp)
a. Reticular with ova in capsules
(D. caninum)
b. With lateral branches
(Taenia spp)
TWO MAIN CLASSES OF LARVA:
- Solid
- Vesicular or bladder or cystic
- Solid
- Vesicular or bladder or cystic
a. Procercoid - 2nd larval stage; bears 6 hooks near the posterior end
b. Plerocercoid - 3rd larval stage; has a solid body with a developing scolex & strobila
a. Cysticercoid - has a solid body with an invaginated scolex with poorly developed bladder or no bladder
b. Cysticercus or the true bladder - has a fluid-filled and fully developed bladder Variations:
Coenerus - has a well-developed cyst with multiple invaginated scolices from the germinal layer
Echinococcus/ hydatid cyst - has a well-developed cyst with brood capsules and daughter cells with multiple scolices
- 2nd larval stage
Proercoid
bears 6 hooks near the posterior end
a. Procercoid
- 3rd larval stage
has a solid body with a developing scolex & strobila
b. Plerocercoid
- has a solid body with an invaginated scolex with poorly developed bladder or no bladder
a. Cysticercoid
- has a fluid-filled and fully developed bladder
b. Cysticercus or the true bladder
b. Cysticercus or the true bladder Variations:
Coenerus
Echinococcus/ hydatid cyst
- has a well-developed cyst with multiple invaginated scolices from the germinal layer
Coenerus
- has a well-developed cyst with brood capsules and daughter cells with multiple scolices
Echinococcus/ hydatid cyst
Almond shape, with 2 sucking grooves or bothria
Scolex Pseudophyllidean
Genital pore Pseudophyllidean
Center of the segment
Uterine pore Pseudophyllidean
Center of the segment
Uterus Pseudophyllidean
Coiled
Ova Pseudophyllidean
Operculated, immature when laid
Oncosphere Pseudophyllidean
Ciliated and called coracidium
Larval forms Pseudophyllidean
Solid
a. Procercoid
b. Plerocercoid
Example Pseudophyllidean
Scolex Cyclophyllidean
with 4 muscular suckers
Genital pore Cyclophyllidean
Margins of segment
Uterine pore Cyclophyllidean
None
Uterus Cyclophyllidean
Sac-like; branched, eggs in capsule
Ova Cyclophyllidean
Non-operculated, mature when laid
Oncosphere Cyclophyllidean
Non-ciliated but with 3 pairs of hooks and called hexacanth embryo
Larval forms Cyclophyllidean
Cystic
a. cysticercoids
b. cysticercus
c. coenurus
d. hydatid
Example Cyclophyllidean
Diphyllobothrium latum
Fish tapeworm/Broad tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum
Infective stage to man: plerocercoid larva
Diphyllobothrium latum
cosmopolitan but prevalent in temperate zone where fresh water fish forms integral part of the diet (Europe, lake region of Switzerland, North America, Asia)
Diphyllobothrium latum
• 1st IH: copepods of Genus Cyclops and Diaptomus
Diphyllobothrium latum
• 2nd IH: Fresh water fishes like pike, salmon, trout, white fish
Diphyllobothrium latum
• Reservoir hosts: dogs and cats
Diphyllobothrium latum
• Final Host: man
Diphyllobothrium latum
Ova/Eggs ➢ 30-50 μm
Diphyllobothrium latum
Ova/Eggs ➢ Single shelled, broadly ovoidal with the Posterior part thickened and with operculum at one end.
Diphyllobothrium latum
Ova/Eggs ➢ Yellowish to yellowbrown in color
Diphyllobothrium latum
Ova/Eggs ➢ Immature if found in feces
Diphyllobothrium latum
Ova/Eggs ➢ 100,000 eggs/day
Diphyllobothrium latum
Coracidium ➢ liberated from eggshell
Diphyllobothrium latum
Coracidium ➢ ciliated
Diphyllobothrium latum
➢ swims freely in the water
Diphyllobothrium latum Coracidium
Procercoid larvae ➢ measures 550 in length
Diphyllobothrium latum
Procercoid larvae ➢ with 3 pairs of hooklets
Diphyllobothrium latum
Plerocercoid larvae/sparganum ➢ Measures 6 mm in length
Diphyllobothrium latum
Plerocercoid larvae/sparganum ➢ Glistening, opaque white
Diphyllobothrium latum
Plerocercoid larvae/sparganum ➢ Unsegmented and has an invaginated anterior end
Diphyllobothrium latum
Plerocercoid larvae/sparganum ➢ No scolex
Diphyllobothrium latum
Adult ➢ Largest tapeworm of man
Diphyllobothrium latum
Adult ➢ Measures 3-10 mm in length with as many as 3, 000 proglottids
Diphyllobothrium latum
Adult ➢ Ivory white in color
Diphyllobothrium latum
Scolex ➢ Almond shaped, unarmed and has 2 deep dorsoventral suctorial grooves
Diphyllobothrium latum
Proglottids ➢ Mature segment is broader than long
Diphyllobothrium latum
Diphyllobothriasis, Fish or Broad tapeworm infection, Bothriocephaliasis
Diphyllobothrium latum
➢ Systemic toxemia
Diphyllobothrium latum
➢ Mechanical obstruction of the intestines
Diphyllobothrium latum
➢ Bothriocephalus anemia of Tapeworm pernicious anemia
Diphyllobothrium latum
Macrocytic normochromic anemia; with thrombocytopenia ; mild leukopenia
Diphyllobothrium latum
➢ Intense local inflammation and eosinophilia x
Diphyllobothrium latum
➢ Human sparganosis
Diphyllobothrium latum
➢ Ocular sparganosis
Diphyllobothrium latum
– intense pain,irritation and edematous swelling of the eye lids
➢ Ocular sparganosis
- Examination of eggs and proglottids in feces
Diphyllobothrium latum
- Kato thick smear preparation
Diphyllobothrium latum
- Concentration technique
Diphyllobothrium latum
- Surgical removal of the worms and drainage of the involved sites ( Human sparganosis)
Diphyllobothrium latum
Freezing (-18oC) for 24 hours or (-10oC) for 48 hours
Diphyllobothrium latum
Fish reservoirs should be kept free of raw sewage
Diphyllobothrium latum
Boiling and filtering of drinking water
Diphyllobothrium latum
De-worming of reservoir hosts
Diphyllobothrium latum
Thorough cooking of freshwater fishes
Diphyllobothrium latum
In endemic areas, feces should not be discarded into rivers and lakes
Diphyllobothrium latum
Praziquantel (5-10 mg/kg single dose)- Drug of choice
Diphyllobothrium latum
- Drug of choice
Praziquantel (5-10 mg/kg single dose)
Niclosamide or Quinacrine hydrochloride
Diphyllobothrium latum
- used to kill adult D. latum
Niclosamide or Quinacrine hydrochloride
Paramomycine
Diphyllobothrium latum
40% ethyl alcohol with Procaine
Diphyllobothrium latum
injected into the lesion to kill plerocercoid
40% ethyl alcohol with Procaine
pork tapeworm
Taenia solium
beef tapeworm
Taenia saginata
Asian Taenia
Taenia saginata asiatica
Dwarf Tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana
Rat Tapeworm
Hymenolepis diminuta
Double-Pored Tapeworm/ Dog TW
Dipylidium caninum
Intermediate host: pig, man
Taenia solium
Definitive host: man
Taenia solium
Intermediate host: cow
Taenia saginata
Definitive host: man
Taenia saginata
Intermediate host: pig, cattle, goats, wild boars, monkeys
Taiwan taenia
Intermediate host: fleas, rice and flour beetles (Tenebrio spp)
Hymenolepis nana
Definitive host: man, rats, mice ✓ Rats: H. nana var. fraternal
Hymenolepis nana
Accidental host: Human
Hymenolepis diminuta
Dipylidium caninum
Requires intermediate host
Hymenolepis diminuta
Ova/Eggs ✓ brown, spherical
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Ova/Eggs ✓ 31-35 microns in diameter
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Ova/Eggs ✓ with 2 radially striated shells
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Scolex ✓ globular with 4 suckers
Taenia solium
Scolex ✓ armed with rostellum (circular tow of hooks)
Taenia solium
Proglottid ✓ 5 x 10 mm in size
Taenia solium
Proglottid ✓ with 800-1000 proglottids
Taenia solium
Gravid proglottid ✓ contains 30,000-50,000 eggs
Taenia solium
Gravid proglottid ✓ uterus exhibit 7-12 lateral branching
Taenia solium
Adult ✓ whitish, opaque in color
Taenia saginata
Adult ✓ 5 to 10 meters in length
Taenia saginata
Adult ✓ each gravid proglottid contains 80,000 eggs
Taenia saginata
• Life cycle of T. saginata: same as T. solium except for the
intermediate host
Scolex ✓ with sunken rostellum, 2 rows of hooklets
Taenia saginata asiatica
Adult Scolex ✓ unarmed
Taiwan taenia
Ovum ✓ 45 µm in diameter; 4-8 “polar filaments”
Hymenolepis nana
Ovum ✓ Size: 30-55 µm
Hymenolepis nana
Ovum ✓ Oncosphere: six hooks (seen as dark lines at 8 o’clock)
Hymenolepis nana
Larva (Cysticercoid) ✓ Tailed structure w/invaginated scolex
Hymenolepis nana
Larva (Cysticercoid) ✓ Lacks a fluid filled bladder
Hymenolepis nana
Larva (Cysticercoid) ✓ Develops in insect or human villi (SI)
Hymenolepis nana
Adults ✓ Small, L: 15-50 mm
Hymenolepis nana
Adults ✓ Scolex: retractable rostellum w/20-30 Y-shaped hooklets
Hymenolepis nana
Adults ✓ Segments: wider than long, terminal gravid segments break up and release eggs
Hymenolepis nana
Adults ✓ Genital pore: located on the same side
Hymenolepis nana
Ova/Eggs ➢ hexacanth larva (oncosphere)
Hymenolepis diminuta
Ova/Eggs
- Enclosed in an inner membrane
Hymenolepis diminuta
Ova/Eggs
- Lacks bipolar filaments
Hymenolepis diminuta
Ova/Eggs
- Hooklets: fan-like arrangement
Hymenolepis diminuta
Ova/Eggs
➢ D: 60-80 µm, bile stained
Hymenolepis diminuta
Adult ➢ L: 40-60 cm
Hymenolepis diminuta
Adult ➢ scolex is club-shaped: unarmed rostellum with four suckers
Hymenolepis diminuta
Adult ➢ Proglottids: - L: 0.75 mm; W: 3.5 mm
Hymenolepis diminuta
Adult ➢ Proglottids: - 3 ovoid testes and 1 ovary
Hymenolepis diminuta
Adult ➢ Proglottids: - Genital pores: unilateral
Hymenolepis diminuta
Adult ➢ Proglottids: - Uterus: sac-like with eggs
Hymenolepis diminuta
Ova/Eggs ✓ sub spherical to oval
Dipylidium caninum
Ova/Eggs ✓ hyaline with thick transparent albuminous covering with membranes
Dipylidium caninum
Ova/Eggs ✓ each egg contains an oncosphere with 3 pairs of delicate hooklet
Dipylidium caninum
Scolex ✓ rhomboidal-shaped
Dipylidium caninum
Scolex ✓ with a club-shaped rostellum and thorn shaped hooks
Dipylidium caninum
Proglottid (60-175 proglottids)
Dipylidium caninum
Proglottid ✓ mature- pumpkin seed shaped with double set of reproductive organs
Dipylidium caninum
Proglottid ✓ gravid- filled with polygonal-shape uterine egg pocket (8-15 effs in each)
Dipylidium caninum
MOT: eating raw pig liver; cattle and goat
Taenia saginata asiatica
Infective stage:
✓ embryonated ova (Direct Life Cycle)
✓ cysticercoid larva (Indirect Life Cycle)
Hymenolepis nana
Habitat: Lumen of small intestine of dogs
Dipylidium caninum
✓ Very common parasite of dogs and cats worldwide
Dipylidium caninum
✓cosmopolitan in dogs and cats
Dipylidium caninum
✓human infection is raMorphologyre
Dipylidium caninum
Taeniasis solium, Pork tapeworm infection, Cysticercosis
Taeniasis solium, Pork tapeworm infection, Cysticercosis
Taeniasis saginata infection
Taeniasis saginata
Dwarf tapeworm infection
Hymenolepis nana
Human: accidental infections
Hymenolepis diminuta
Dipylidiasis or Dog tapeworm infection
Dipylidium caninum
Taeniasis solium – caused by
adult tapeworm
➢ Characterized by mild transitory intestinal obstruction and may give rise to vague abdominal pain similar to hunger pains
Taeniasis solium
➢ Caused by the ingestion of raw of insufficiently cooked pork containing cysticercus cellulosae
Taeniasis solium
Cysticercosis cellulosae – caused by the
cysticercus cellulosae
➢ Caused by the accidental ingestion of T. solium, or thru regurgitation of eggs and gravid segments of the parasite into the stomach
Cysticercosis cellulosae
➢ Cysticercus cellulosae may lodge in vital organs like the brain, spinal cord, heart, liver, eyes etc. giving rise to pressure symptoms
Cysticercosis cellulosae
➢ The presence of growing larva provokes cellular reactions with blood cell infiltration, fibrosis, necrosis of the capsule
Cysticercosis cellulosae
– may cause epilepsy or disordered behavior, intermittent obstructive hydrocephaly, disequilibrium, meningoencephalitis and falling vision.
➢ (60-90%) Neurocysticercosis
➢ Stool examination- DFS, KTS, Concentration Techniques
Taenia saginata
➢ Perianal Scotch Tape method
Taenia saginata
Fecalysis
Hymenolepis nana
➢ Fecalysis: eggs and whole worm
Hymenolepis diminuta
➢ Light infections: concentration techniques
Hymenolepis diminuta
A thorough inspection of beef and pork
Taenia solium
➢ adequate cooking or freezing
Taenia solium
➢ Freezing meat at -20oC for 10 days
Taenia solium
Avoid eating raw pork
Taenia solium
Proper disposal of human feces
Taenia solium
Good personal hygiene
Taenia solium
➢ Preventing fecal contamination of food and water in institutions and crowded areas
Hymenolepis nana
➢ General sanitation: rodent and insect control (especially control o f fleas and grain insects)
Hymenolepis nana
➢ Treatment of infected patients
Hymenolepis nana
➢ Personal hygiene
Hymenolepis nana
Preventing fecal contamination of food and water in institutions and crowded areas
Hymenolepis diminuta
Protection of food especially the precooked cereals from insects
Hymenolepis diminuta
General sanitation; rodent & insect control
Hymenolepis diminuta
Treatment of infected patients
Hymenolepis diminuta
Personal hygiene
Hymenolepis diminuta
Sanitary disposal of human waste
Hymenolepis diminuta
Bithionol, Panomomycin
Taenia solium
Praziquantel
Hymenolepis nana (25mg/kg single dose)
Hymenolepis diminuta (25mg/kg single dose)
Taenia solium
Niclosamide
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
: causes vacuolization and disruption of tegument at the neck region
Praziquantel (25mg/kg single dose)
Quinacrine
Hymenolepis diminuta
METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATING TAENIA SPECIES
- Examine the proglottids in the feces
- Examine the scolex
➢ inject dye (India ink or safranin) using gauge 26 needle
- Examine the proglottids in the feces
- Examine the scolex
: armed with rostellum with 4 muscular suckers
: unarmed with 4 muscular suckers
➢ T. solium
➢ T. saginata
Pork tapeworm
Taenia solium
Beef tapeworm
Taenia saginata
Taeniasis solium
Taenia solium
CYSTICERCOSIS
Taenia solium
Taeniasis saginata
Taenia saginata
Globular in shape with 4 cup-shaped suckers
Taenia solium
rostellum and double rows of hooklets
Taenia solium
Pyriform in shape with 4 muscular suckers
Taenia saginata
NO hooklets
Taenia saginata
Roughly square with unilateral or irregularly alternate genital pore
Taenia solium
Irregularly alternate lateral genital pore
Taenia saginata
Segments 800-1000
Taenia solium
Segments 1000-2000
Taenia saginata
Testes 300-400
Taenia saginata
Uterine branches 7-12
Taenia solium
Uterine branches 15-30
Taenia saginata
Cysticercus cellulosae
Taenia solium
ellipsoidal, translucent, thin walled bladder
Cysticercus cellulosae
with an opaque invaginated neck
Cysticercus cellulosae
scolex equipped with suckers and hooks
Cysticercus cellulosae
Cysticercus bovis
Taenia saginata
pinkish cyst, opaque, with invaginated neck and scolex
Cysticercus bovis
Testes 150-200
Taenia solium
Dwarf tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana
Rat tapeworm
Hymenolepis diminuta
Dwarf tapeworm infection
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepiasis diminuta infection
Hymenolepis diminuta
Small, globular
Hymenolepis nana
bears a short refractile rostellum
Hymenolepis nana
with a single row of 20-30 small hooks
Hymenolepis nana
Club-shaped
Hymenolepis diminuta
has rudimentary unarmed rsotellum
Hymenolepis diminuta
No of segments : 200
Hymenolepis nana
No of segments: 800-1000
Hymenolepis diminuta
Trapezoidal
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
4x as broad as long with single genital pore on its left side
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
3 round testes
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
bilobed ovary
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
Sacculate
Hymenolepis nana
Sacculate, filled with egg masses
Hymenolepis diminuta
Has 4-8 polar filaments
Hymenolepis nana
No polar filament
Hymenolepis diminuta
Upper 2/3 of ileum
Hymenolepis nana
S.I of rats and mice
Hymenolepis diminuta
Infective stage Embryonated ova
Hymenolepis nana
Infective stage Cysticercoid larvae
Hymenolepis diminuta
Intermediate hosts Flour fleas, flor beetles
Hymenolepis nana
Intermediate hosts Insects, such as beetles, cockroaches, rat fleas
Hymenolepis diminuta
Definitive host Man, rats, mice
Hymenolepis nana
Definitive host Man, rat
Hymenolepis diminuta
Hydatid Worm, Hydatid cyst
Echinococcus granulosus
Intermediate host: sheep, cattles, horses
Echinococcus granulosus
Definitive host: dogs and other canines
Echinococcus granulosus
Australia, New Zealand, South Arica and Africa
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus Infective stage
embryonated ova
Echinococcus granulosus Diagnostic stage
Larval stage
Eggs
cannot be differentiated from the eggs of Taenia
Echinococcus granulosus
Adult
shortest tapeworm with only 3 segments
Echinococcus granulosus
Adult
3-9 mm in length
Echinococcus granulosus
Adult
SCOLEX: Pyriform with 4 suckers and armed rostellum (double crown of 20-36 hooklets)
Echinococcus granulosus
Adult
PROGLOTTIDS: Immature, mature and gravid proglottid
Echinococcus granulosus
Adult
✓ Gravid segment- uterus with its lateral invagination resemble a loosely twisted coil.
Echinococcus granulosus
Adult
Uterus has 12-15 branches distended with around 500 eggs.
Echinococcus granulosus
Larva: hydatid cyst
Echinococcus granulosus
Man is parasitized only by the LARVA (hydatid cyst) of the tapeworm.
Echinococcus granulosus
The dog is the optimum definitive host which consumes the viscera of the IH containing the infective larval stage and thereby becomes infected.
Echinococcus granulosus
Damage produced by the larval forms are mechanical and toxic.
Echinococcus granulosus
Young cyst may lodge in vital organs like the capillary beds of brain or heart valves producing dangerous obstruction.
Echinococcus granulosus
In the bone, they cause erosion leading to fracture. In the abdomen, they grow into tremendous size and burst, followed by anaphylactic reactions caused by the toxic hydatid fluid
Echinococcus granulosus
- Obstructive jaundice
- Fever
- eosinophilia
Liver (66%)
- Coughing with allergic symptoms
- Sputum: frothy blood, mucus, hydatid fluid
Lungs (22%)
- Intermittent pain
- Hematuria
- Kidney dysfunction
Kidneys (3%)
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Jacksonian epilepsy
Brain
: for hydatid cyst in the lungs, thoracic involvement, extrahepatic abdominal cyst and in the long bones femur)
X-ray (Roentgenography)
: vibrations felt which is a special diagnostic sign in unilocular hydatid cyst of the abdominal viscera
Hydatid thrill
X-ray (Roentgenography)
Echinococcus granulosus
Hydatid thrill
Echinococcus granulosus
Exploratory cysts puncture
Echinococcus granulosus
CBC-eosinophilia
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus
Immunologic tests
➢ Bentonite flocculation test
➢ Casoni’s test intradermal test
➢ FAT, IHA, ELISA, Immunoelectrophoresis
Personal hygiene
Echinococcus granulosus
Deworming of dogs
Echinococcus granulosus
Safeguarding all discarded viscera in slaughter houses by boiling or dumping into dog proof pits
Echinococcus granulosus
Surgical removal of the cyst; Replacement of the cyst fluid with 10% formalin or 2% AgNO3
Echinococcus granulosus
Albendazole: 400 mg 2x a day for 4 weeks
Echinococcus granulosus
High dose of Mebendazole
Echinococcus granulosus
the broad-headed tapeworm
a) Raillietina cesticillus
the nodular tapeworm
b) Raillietina echinobothrida
up to 13 cm long and 1-3 mm wide
a) Raillietina cesticillus
up to 25 cm long and 1 -4 mm wide
b) Raillietina echinobothrida
tetragona
up to 25 cm long and 1-4 mm wide
b) Raillietina echinobothrida
up to 7 cm long and 1.5 mm wide
d) Raillietina bonini
in chicken, turkey and many wild birds
a) Raillietina cesticillus
in numerous domestic and wild birds
d) Raillietina tetragona
mainly in pigeons
d) Raillietina bonini
found worldwide
a) Raillietina cesticillus
b) Raillietina echinobothrida
c) Raillietina tetragona
found in Europe, Near and Middle East
d) Raillietina bonini
in chicken, pigeon, pheasants
b) Raillietina echinobothrida
Common intestinal cestode of rodents in the Philippines
- Raillietina garrisoni
“Gid worm”
- Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps
Synonym: Echinococcus alveolaris
- Echinococcus multilocularis
Intermediate host: flour beetle (Tribolium confusum)
- Raillietina garrisoni
Intermediate host: herbivores
- Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps
Definitive host: dogs, wolves and fox
- Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps
Intermediate host: rodents and sometimes humans
- Echinococcus multilocularis
Definitive host: fox, canines, coyotes, cats
- Echinococcus multilocularis
known in Europe, Asia, New Zealand, South and North America
- Echinococcus multilocularis
Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps Infective stage
embryonated ova
➢ L: 60 cm
Raillietina garrisoni
➢ Scolex: minute; subglobular, has rostellum with 90-140 hammer shaped hooks
Raillietina garrisoni
➢ Mature proglottid: bilobed, surrounded by 36-50 ovoid testes
Raillietina garrisoni
➢ Genital pore: opens at the side
Raillietina garrisoni
Adult: 40-60 cm
Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps
➢ Scolex: pyriform with double circles of rostellar hook
Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps
➢ Uterus: 18-20 branches
Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps
Morphology & Life cycle: similar to E. granulosus
Echinococcus multilocularis
➢ Adult: 3-5 segments (1.23.7mm)
Echinococcus multilocularis
➢ Cyst: multilocular
Echinococcus multilocularis
cerebral & ocular coenurosis (coenurosis- BLADDER WORM)
Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps
Alveolar Hydatid disease
Echinococcus multilocularis
➢ Asymptomatic
Raillietina garrisoni
➢ Medical consultation: proglottids in feces
Raillietina garrisoni
varies, some infections may spontaneously disappear, others go till death
Echinococcus multilocularis
Fecalysis – Proglottids and ova
Raillietina garrisoni
➢ Elimination of rodents
Raillietina garrisoni
Multiceps multiceps
➢ Proper storage of grain products
Raillietina garrisoni
Multiceps multiceps
➢ Sanitary waste disposal
Raillietina garrisoni
Multiceps multiceps
Praziquantel: to expel the worm
Raillietina garrisoni
Multiceps multiceps
➢ Surgery
Echinococcus multilocularis
➢ High doses of Albendazole- resistant to praziquantel
Echinococcus multilocularis
• genus of parasitic tapeworms that has chicken, turkey, geese and numerous other domestic and wild birds as final hosts.
CYCLOPHYLLIDEAN: RAILLIETINA
CYCLOPHYLLIDEAN: RAILLIETINA
• The most relevant ones are:
a) Raillietina cesticillus
b) Raillietina echinobothrida
c) Raillietina tetragona
d) Raillietina bonini
, include multiple species of flat worms that can reside in the human gastrointestinal tract
Cestodes, or tapeworms
The species that most commonly cause human disease include
Taenia saginatum, Taenia solium, Diphyllobothrium latum and Hymenolepis nana among others
