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Clinical Parasitology Lab > CESTODES > Flashcards

CESTODES Flashcards

1
Q

PLATYHELMINTHES
Classes:

A

Cestoda
Trematoda

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2
Q

Morphology:
1. [?], segmented, generally flattened [?]
2. No [?]
3. Food is absorbed by the [?]

A

Elongated, ribbon-like; dorsoventrically

alimentary tract and vascular system

cuticle

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3
Q

Parts:

A

Scolex
Neck
Strobila

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4
Q

The segments are either:

A

Craspedote
Acraspedote
Apolytic
Anapolytic

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5
Q

: proglottids overlap

A

Craspedote

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6
Q

: proglottids don’t overlap

A

Acraspedote

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7
Q

: segments are detached with mature eggs

A

Apolytic

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8
Q

: proglottids are shed when they are exhausted of eggs

A

Anapolytic

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9
Q

Excretory system has

A

flame cell/protonephridium

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10
Q

Reproductive System (most cestodes are [?] and exhibit [?])

A

MONOECIOUS

protandry

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11
Q

Vas deferens and vagina have common genital pores that may open on the following:

A

a. Ventral surface with uterine pore (D. latum)
b. Lateral: same side of proglottids (Hymenolepis species)
c. Lateral: irregularly alternate (Taenia spp)
d. Bilateral: 2 sets of reproductive organs are present (D. caninum)

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12
Q

a. Ventral surface with uterine pore

A

(D. latum)

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13
Q

b. Lateral: same side of proglottids

A

(Hymenolepis species)

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14
Q

c. Lateral: irregularly alternate

A

(Taenia spp)

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15
Q

d. Bilateral: 2 sets of reproductive organs are present

A

(D. caninum)

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16
Q
  • male copulatory organ
A

CIRRUS

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17
Q

Male uterus

A

a. Coiled
b. Secular
c. Tube or straight

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18
Q

Gravid uterus

A

a. Reticular with ova in capsules (D. caninum)
b. With lateral branches (Taenia spp)

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19
Q

a. Reticular with ova in capsules

A

(D. caninum)

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20
Q

b. With lateral branches

A

(Taenia spp)

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21
Q

TWO MAIN CLASSES OF LARVA:

A
  1. Solid
  2. Vesicular or bladder or cystic
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22
Q
  1. Solid
  2. Vesicular or bladder or cystic
A

a. Procercoid - 2nd larval stage; bears 6 hooks near the posterior end
b. Plerocercoid - 3rd larval stage; has a solid body with a developing scolex & strobila

a. Cysticercoid - has a solid body with an invaginated scolex with poorly developed bladder or no bladder
b. Cysticercus or the true bladder - has a fluid-filled and fully developed bladder Variations:
Coenerus - has a well-developed cyst with multiple invaginated scolices from the germinal layer
Echinococcus/ hydatid cyst - has a well-developed cyst with brood capsules and daughter cells with multiple scolices

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23
Q
  • 2nd larval stage
A

Proercoid

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24
Q

bears 6 hooks near the posterior end

A

a. Procercoid

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25
Q
  • 3rd larval stage
A
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26
Q

has a solid body with a developing scolex & strobila

A

b. Plerocercoid

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27
Q
  • has a solid body with an invaginated scolex with poorly developed bladder or no bladder
A

a. Cysticercoid

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28
Q
  • has a fluid-filled and fully developed bladder
A

b. Cysticercus or the true bladder

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29
Q

b. Cysticercus or the true bladder Variations:

A

Coenerus
Echinococcus/ hydatid cyst

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30
Q
  • has a well-developed cyst with multiple invaginated scolices from the germinal layer
A

Coenerus

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31
Q
  • has a well-developed cyst with brood capsules and daughter cells with multiple scolices
A

Echinococcus/ hydatid cyst

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32
Q

Almond shape, with 2 sucking grooves or bothria

A

Scolex Pseudophyllidean

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33
Q

Genital pore Pseudophyllidean

A

Center of the segment

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34
Q

Uterine pore Pseudophyllidean

A

Center of the segment

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35
Q

Uterus Pseudophyllidean

A

Coiled

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36
Q

Ova Pseudophyllidean

A

Operculated, immature when laid

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37
Q

Oncosphere Pseudophyllidean

A

Ciliated and called coracidium

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38
Q

Larval forms Pseudophyllidean

A

Solid
a. Procercoid
b. Plerocercoid

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39
Q

Example Pseudophyllidean

A
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40
Q

Scolex Cyclophyllidean

A

with 4 muscular suckers

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41
Q

Genital pore Cyclophyllidean

A

Margins of segment

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42
Q

Uterine pore Cyclophyllidean

A

None

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43
Q

Uterus Cyclophyllidean

A

Sac-like; branched, eggs in capsule

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44
Q

Ova Cyclophyllidean

A

Non-operculated, mature when laid

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45
Q

Oncosphere Cyclophyllidean

A

Non-ciliated but with 3 pairs of hooks and called hexacanth embryo

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46
Q

Larval forms Cyclophyllidean

A

Cystic
a. cysticercoids
b. cysticercus
c. coenurus
d. hydatid

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47
Q

Example Cyclophyllidean

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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48
Q

Fish tapeworm/Broad tapeworm

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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49
Q

Infective stage to man: plerocercoid larva

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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50
Q

cosmopolitan but prevalent in temperate zone where fresh water fish forms integral part of the diet (Europe, lake region of Switzerland, North America, Asia)

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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51
Q

• 1st IH: copepods of Genus Cyclops and Diaptomus

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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52
Q

• 2nd IH: Fresh water fishes like pike, salmon, trout, white fish

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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53
Q

• Reservoir hosts: dogs and cats

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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54
Q

• Final Host: man

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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55
Q

Ova/Eggs ➢ 30-50 μm

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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56
Q

Ova/Eggs ➢ Single shelled, broadly ovoidal with the Posterior part thickened and with operculum at one end.

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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57
Q

Ova/Eggs ➢ Yellowish to yellowbrown in color

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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58
Q

Ova/Eggs ➢ Immature if found in feces

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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59
Q

Ova/Eggs ➢ 100,000 eggs/day

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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60
Q

Coracidium ➢ liberated from eggshell

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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61
Q

Coracidium ➢ ciliated

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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62
Q

➢ swims freely in the water

A

Diphyllobothrium latum Coracidium

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63
Q

Procercoid larvae ➢ measures 550 in length

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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64
Q

Procercoid larvae ➢ with 3 pairs of hooklets

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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65
Q

Plerocercoid larvae/sparganum ➢ Measures 6 mm in length

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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66
Q

Plerocercoid larvae/sparganum ➢ Glistening, opaque white

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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67
Q

Plerocercoid larvae/sparganum ➢ Unsegmented and has an invaginated anterior end

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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68
Q

Plerocercoid larvae/sparganum ➢ No scolex

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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69
Q

Adult ➢ Largest tapeworm of man

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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70
Q

Adult ➢ Measures 3-10 mm in length with as many as 3, 000 proglottids

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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71
Q

Adult ➢ Ivory white in color

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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72
Q

Scolex ➢ Almond shaped, unarmed and has 2 deep dorsoventral suctorial grooves

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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73
Q

Proglottids ➢ Mature segment is broader than long

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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74
Q

Diphyllobothriasis, Fish or Broad tapeworm infection, Bothriocephaliasis

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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75
Q

➢ Systemic toxemia

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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76
Q

➢ Mechanical obstruction of the intestines

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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77
Q

➢ Bothriocephalus anemia of Tapeworm pernicious anemia

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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78
Q

Macrocytic normochromic anemia; with thrombocytopenia ; mild leukopenia

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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79
Q

➢ Intense local inflammation and eosinophilia x

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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80
Q

➢ Human sparganosis

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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81
Q

➢ Ocular sparganosis

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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82
Q

– intense pain,irritation and edematous swelling of the eye lids

A

➢ Ocular sparganosis

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83
Q
  1. Examination of eggs and proglottids in feces
A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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84
Q
  1. Kato thick smear preparation
A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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85
Q
  1. Concentration technique
A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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86
Q
  1. Surgical removal of the worms and drainage of the involved sites ( Human sparganosis)
A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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87
Q

Freezing (-18oC) for 24 hours or (-10oC) for 48 hours

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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88
Q

Fish reservoirs should be kept free of raw sewage

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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89
Q

Boiling and filtering of drinking water

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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90
Q

De-worming of reservoir hosts

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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91
Q

Thorough cooking of freshwater fishes

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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92
Q

In endemic areas, feces should not be discarded into rivers and lakes

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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93
Q

Praziquantel (5-10 mg/kg single dose)- Drug of choice

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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94
Q
  • Drug of choice
A

Praziquantel (5-10 mg/kg single dose)

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95
Q

Niclosamide or Quinacrine hydrochloride

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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96
Q
  • used to kill adult D. latum
A

Niclosamide or Quinacrine hydrochloride

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97
Q

Paramomycine

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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98
Q

40% ethyl alcohol with Procaine

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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99
Q

injected into the lesion to kill plerocercoid

A

40% ethyl alcohol with Procaine

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100
Q

pork tapeworm

A

Taenia solium

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101
Q

beef tapeworm

A

Taenia saginata

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102
Q

Asian Taenia

A

Taenia saginata asiatica

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103
Q

Dwarf Tapeworm

A

Hymenolepis nana

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104
Q

Rat Tapeworm

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

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105
Q

Double-Pored Tapeworm/ Dog TW

A

Dipylidium caninum

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106
Q

Intermediate host: pig, man

A

Taenia solium

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107
Q

Definitive host: man

A

Taenia solium

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108
Q

Intermediate host: cow

A

Taenia saginata

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109
Q

Definitive host: man

A

Taenia saginata

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110
Q

Intermediate host: pig, cattle, goats, wild boars, monkeys

A

Taiwan taenia

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111
Q

Intermediate host: fleas, rice and flour beetles (Tenebrio spp)

A

Hymenolepis nana

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112
Q

Definitive host: man, rats, mice ✓ Rats: H. nana var. fraternal

A

Hymenolepis nana

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113
Q

Accidental host: Human

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

Dipylidium caninum

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114
Q

Requires intermediate host

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

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115
Q

Ova/Eggs ✓ brown, spherical

A

Taenia solium
Taenia saginata

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116
Q

Ova/Eggs ✓ 31-35 microns in diameter

A

Taenia solium
Taenia saginata

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117
Q

Ova/Eggs ✓ with 2 radially striated shells

A

Taenia solium
Taenia saginata

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118
Q

Scolex ✓ globular with 4 suckers

A

Taenia solium

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119
Q

Scolex ✓ armed with rostellum (circular tow of hooks)

A

Taenia solium

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120
Q

Proglottid ✓ 5 x 10 mm in size

A

Taenia solium

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121
Q

Proglottid ✓ with 800-1000 proglottids

A

Taenia solium

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122
Q

Gravid proglottid ✓ contains 30,000-50,000 eggs

A

Taenia solium

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123
Q

Gravid proglottid ✓ uterus exhibit 7-12 lateral branching

A

Taenia solium

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124
Q

Adult ✓ whitish, opaque in color

A

Taenia saginata

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125
Q

Adult ✓ 5 to 10 meters in length

A

Taenia saginata

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126
Q

Adult ✓ each gravid proglottid contains 80,000 eggs

A

Taenia saginata

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127
Q

• Life cycle of T. saginata: same as T. solium except for the

A

intermediate host

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128
Q

Scolex ✓ with sunken rostellum, 2 rows of hooklets

A

Taenia saginata asiatica

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129
Q

Adult Scolex ✓ unarmed

A

Taiwan taenia

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130
Q

Ovum ✓ 45 µm in diameter; 4-8 “polar filaments”

A

Hymenolepis nana

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131
Q

Ovum ✓ Size: 30-55 µm

A

Hymenolepis nana

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132
Q

Ovum ✓ Oncosphere: six hooks (seen as dark lines at 8 o’clock)

A

Hymenolepis nana

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133
Q

Larva (Cysticercoid) ✓ Tailed structure w/invaginated scolex

A

Hymenolepis nana

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134
Q

Larva (Cysticercoid) ✓ Lacks a fluid filled bladder

A

Hymenolepis nana

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135
Q

Larva (Cysticercoid) ✓ Develops in insect or human villi (SI)

A

Hymenolepis nana

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136
Q

Adults ✓ Small, L: 15-50 mm

A

Hymenolepis nana

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137
Q

Adults ✓ Scolex: retractable rostellum w/20-30 Y-shaped hooklets

A

Hymenolepis nana

138
Q

Adults ✓ Segments: wider than long, terminal gravid segments break up and release eggs

A

Hymenolepis nana

139
Q

Adults ✓ Genital pore: located on the same side

A

Hymenolepis nana

140
Q

Ova/Eggs ➢ hexacanth larva (oncosphere)

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

141
Q

Ova/Eggs
- Enclosed in an inner membrane

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

142
Q

Ova/Eggs
- Lacks bipolar filaments

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

143
Q

Ova/Eggs
- Hooklets: fan-like arrangement

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

144
Q

Ova/Eggs
➢ D: 60-80 µm, bile stained

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

145
Q

Adult ➢ L: 40-60 cm

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

146
Q

Adult ➢ scolex is club-shaped: unarmed rostellum with four suckers

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

147
Q

Adult ➢ Proglottids: - L: 0.75 mm; W: 3.5 mm

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

148
Q

Adult ➢ Proglottids: - 3 ovoid testes and 1 ovary

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

149
Q

Adult ➢ Proglottids: - Genital pores: unilateral

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

150
Q

Adult ➢ Proglottids: - Uterus: sac-like with eggs

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

151
Q

Ova/Eggs ✓ sub spherical to oval

A

Dipylidium caninum

152
Q

Ova/Eggs ✓ hyaline with thick transparent albuminous covering with membranes

A

Dipylidium caninum

153
Q

Ova/Eggs ✓ each egg contains an oncosphere with 3 pairs of delicate hooklet

A

Dipylidium caninum

154
Q

Scolex ✓ rhomboidal-shaped

A

Dipylidium caninum

155
Q

Scolex ✓ with a club-shaped rostellum and thorn shaped hooks

A

Dipylidium caninum

156
Q

Proglottid (60-175 proglottids)

A

Dipylidium caninum

157
Q

Proglottid ✓ mature- pumpkin seed shaped with double set of reproductive organs

A

Dipylidium caninum

158
Q

Proglottid ✓ gravid- filled with polygonal-shape uterine egg pocket (8-15 effs in each)

A

Dipylidium caninum

159
Q

MOT: eating raw pig liver; cattle and goat

A

Taenia saginata asiatica

160
Q

Infective stage:
✓ embryonated ova (Direct Life Cycle)
✓ cysticercoid larva (Indirect Life Cycle)

A

Hymenolepis nana

161
Q

Habitat: Lumen of small intestine of dogs

A

Dipylidium caninum

162
Q

✓ Very common parasite of dogs and cats worldwide

A

Dipylidium caninum

163
Q

✓cosmopolitan in dogs and cats

A

Dipylidium caninum

164
Q

✓human infection is raMorphologyre

A

Dipylidium caninum

165
Q

Taeniasis solium, Pork tapeworm infection, Cysticercosis

A

Taeniasis solium, Pork tapeworm infection, Cysticercosis

166
Q

Taeniasis saginata infection

A

Taeniasis saginata

167
Q

Dwarf tapeworm infection

A

Hymenolepis nana

168
Q

Human: accidental infections

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

169
Q

Dipylidiasis or Dog tapeworm infection

A

Dipylidium caninum

170
Q

Taeniasis solium – caused by

A

adult tapeworm

171
Q

➢ Characterized by mild transitory intestinal obstruction and may give rise to vague abdominal pain similar to hunger pains

A

Taeniasis solium

172
Q

➢ Caused by the ingestion of raw of insufficiently cooked pork containing cysticercus cellulosae

A

Taeniasis solium

173
Q

Cysticercosis cellulosae – caused by the

A

cysticercus cellulosae

174
Q

➢ Caused by the accidental ingestion of T. solium, or thru regurgitation of eggs and gravid segments of the parasite into the stomach

A

Cysticercosis cellulosae

175
Q

➢ Cysticercus cellulosae may lodge in vital organs like the brain, spinal cord, heart, liver, eyes etc. giving rise to pressure symptoms

A

Cysticercosis cellulosae

176
Q

➢ The presence of growing larva provokes cellular reactions with blood cell infiltration, fibrosis, necrosis of the capsule

A

Cysticercosis cellulosae

177
Q

– may cause epilepsy or disordered behavior, intermittent obstructive hydrocephaly, disequilibrium, meningoencephalitis and falling vision.

A

➢ (60-90%) Neurocysticercosis

178
Q

➢ Stool examination- DFS, KTS, Concentration Techniques

A

Taenia saginata

179
Q

➢ Perianal Scotch Tape method

A

Taenia saginata

180
Q

Fecalysis

A

Hymenolepis nana

181
Q

➢ Fecalysis: eggs and whole worm

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

182
Q

➢ Light infections: concentration techniques

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

183
Q

A thorough inspection of beef and pork

A

Taenia solium

184
Q

➢ adequate cooking or freezing

A

Taenia solium

185
Q

➢ Freezing meat at -20oC for 10 days

A

Taenia solium

186
Q

Avoid eating raw pork

A

Taenia solium

187
Q

Proper disposal of human feces

A

Taenia solium

188
Q

Good personal hygiene

A

Taenia solium

189
Q

➢ Preventing fecal contamination of food and water in institutions and crowded areas

A

Hymenolepis nana

190
Q

➢ General sanitation: rodent and insect control (especially control o f fleas and grain insects)

A

Hymenolepis nana

191
Q

➢ Treatment of infected patients

A

Hymenolepis nana

192
Q

➢ Personal hygiene

A

Hymenolepis nana

193
Q

Preventing fecal contamination of food and water in institutions and crowded areas

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

194
Q

Protection of food especially the precooked cereals from insects

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

195
Q

General sanitation; rodent & insect control

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

196
Q

Treatment of infected patients

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

197
Q

Personal hygiene

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

198
Q

Sanitary disposal of human waste

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

199
Q

Bithionol, Panomomycin

A

Taenia solium

200
Q

Praziquantel

A

Hymenolepis nana (25mg/kg single dose)

Hymenolepis diminuta (25mg/kg single dose)

Taenia solium

201
Q

Niclosamide

A

Hymenolepis nana

Hymenolepis diminuta

202
Q

: causes vacuolization and disruption of tegument at the neck region

A

Praziquantel (25mg/kg single dose)

203
Q

Quinacrine

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

204
Q

METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATING TAENIA SPECIES

A
  1. Examine the proglottids in the feces
  2. Examine the scolex
205
Q

➢ inject dye (India ink or safranin) using gauge 26 needle

A
  1. Examine the proglottids in the feces
206
Q
  1. Examine the scolex
    : armed with rostellum with 4 muscular suckers
    : unarmed with 4 muscular suckers
A

➢ T. solium

➢ T. saginata

207
Q

Pork tapeworm

A

Taenia solium

208
Q

Beef tapeworm

A

Taenia saginata

209
Q

Taeniasis solium

A

Taenia solium

210
Q

CYSTICERCOSIS

A

Taenia solium

211
Q

Taeniasis saginata

A

Taenia saginata

212
Q

Globular in shape with 4 cup-shaped suckers

A

Taenia solium

213
Q

rostellum and double rows of hooklets

A

Taenia solium

214
Q

Pyriform in shape with 4 muscular suckers

A

Taenia saginata

215
Q

NO hooklets

A

Taenia saginata

216
Q

Roughly square with unilateral or irregularly alternate genital pore

A

Taenia solium

217
Q

Irregularly alternate lateral genital pore

A

Taenia saginata

218
Q

Segments 800-1000

A

Taenia solium

219
Q

Segments 1000-2000

A

Taenia saginata

220
Q

Testes 300-400

A

Taenia saginata

221
Q

Uterine branches 7-12

A

Taenia solium

222
Q

Uterine branches 15-30

A

Taenia saginata

223
Q

Cysticercus cellulosae

A

Taenia solium

224
Q

ellipsoidal, translucent, thin walled bladder

A

Cysticercus cellulosae

225
Q

with an opaque invaginated neck

A

Cysticercus cellulosae

226
Q

scolex equipped with suckers and hooks

A

Cysticercus cellulosae

227
Q

Cysticercus bovis

A

Taenia saginata

228
Q

pinkish cyst, opaque, with invaginated neck and scolex

A

Cysticercus bovis

229
Q

Testes 150-200

A

Taenia solium

230
Q

Dwarf tapeworm

A

Hymenolepis nana

231
Q

Rat tapeworm

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

232
Q

Dwarf tapeworm infection

A

Hymenolepis nana

233
Q

Hymenolepiasis diminuta infection

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

234
Q

Small, globular

A

Hymenolepis nana

235
Q

bears a short refractile rostellum

A

Hymenolepis nana

236
Q

with a single row of 20-30 small hooks

A

Hymenolepis nana

237
Q

Club-shaped

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

238
Q

has rudimentary unarmed rsotellum

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

239
Q

No of segments : 200

A

Hymenolepis nana

240
Q

No of segments: 800-1000

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

241
Q

Trapezoidal

A

Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta

242
Q

4x as broad as long with single genital pore on its left side

A

Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta

243
Q

3 round testes

A

Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta

244
Q

bilobed ovary

A

Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta

245
Q

Sacculate

A

Hymenolepis nana

246
Q

Sacculate, filled with egg masses

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

247
Q

Has 4-8 polar filaments

A

Hymenolepis nana

248
Q

No polar filament

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

249
Q

Upper 2/3 of ileum

A

Hymenolepis nana

250
Q

S.I of rats and mice

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

251
Q

Infective stage Embryonated ova

A

Hymenolepis nana

252
Q

Infective stage Cysticercoid larvae

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

253
Q

Intermediate hosts Flour fleas, flor beetles

A

Hymenolepis nana

254
Q

Intermediate hosts Insects, such as beetles, cockroaches, rat fleas

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

255
Q

Definitive host Man, rats, mice

A

Hymenolepis nana

256
Q

Definitive host Man, rat

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

257
Q

Hydatid Worm, Hydatid cyst

A

Echinococcus granulosus

258
Q

Intermediate host: sheep, cattles, horses

A

Echinococcus granulosus

259
Q

Definitive host: dogs and other canines

A

Echinococcus granulosus

260
Q

Australia, New Zealand, South Arica and Africa

A

Echinococcus granulosus

261
Q

Echinococcus granulosus Infective stage

A

embryonated ova

262
Q

Echinococcus granulosus Diagnostic stage

A

Larval stage

263
Q

Eggs
cannot be differentiated from the eggs of Taenia

A

Echinococcus granulosus

264
Q

Adult
shortest tapeworm with only 3 segments

A

Echinococcus granulosus

265
Q

Adult
3-9 mm in length

A

Echinococcus granulosus

266
Q

Adult
SCOLEX: Pyriform with 4 suckers and armed rostellum (double crown of 20-36 hooklets)

A

Echinococcus granulosus

267
Q

Adult
PROGLOTTIDS: Immature, mature and gravid proglottid

A

Echinococcus granulosus

268
Q

Adult
✓ Gravid segment- uterus with its lateral invagination resemble a loosely twisted coil.

A

Echinococcus granulosus

269
Q

Adult
Uterus has 12-15 branches distended with around 500 eggs.

A

Echinococcus granulosus

270
Q

Larva: hydatid cyst

A

Echinococcus granulosus

271
Q

Man is parasitized only by the LARVA (hydatid cyst) of the tapeworm.

A

Echinococcus granulosus

272
Q

The dog is the optimum definitive host which consumes the viscera of the IH containing the infective larval stage and thereby becomes infected.

A

Echinococcus granulosus

273
Q

Damage produced by the larval forms are mechanical and toxic.

A

Echinococcus granulosus

274
Q

Young cyst may lodge in vital organs like the capillary beds of brain or heart valves producing dangerous obstruction.

A

Echinococcus granulosus

275
Q

In the bone, they cause erosion leading to fracture. In the abdomen, they grow into tremendous size and burst, followed by anaphylactic reactions caused by the toxic hydatid fluid

A

Echinococcus granulosus

276
Q
  • Obstructive jaundice
  • Fever
  • eosinophilia
A

Liver (66%)

277
Q
  • Coughing with allergic symptoms
  • Sputum: frothy blood, mucus, hydatid fluid
A

Lungs (22%)

278
Q
  • Intermittent pain
  • Hematuria
  • Kidney dysfunction
A

Kidneys (3%)

279
Q
  • Increased intracranial pressure
  • Jacksonian epilepsy
A

Brain

280
Q

: for hydatid cyst in the lungs, thoracic involvement, extrahepatic abdominal cyst and in the long bones femur)

A

X-ray (Roentgenography)

281
Q

: vibrations felt which is a special diagnostic sign in unilocular hydatid cyst of the abdominal viscera

A

Hydatid thrill

282
Q

X-ray (Roentgenography)

A

Echinococcus granulosus

283
Q

Hydatid thrill

A

Echinococcus granulosus

284
Q

Exploratory cysts puncture

A

Echinococcus granulosus

285
Q

CBC-eosinophilia

A

Echinococcus granulosus

286
Q

Echinococcus granulosus
Immunologic tests

A

➢ Bentonite flocculation test
➢ Casoni’s test intradermal test
➢ FAT, IHA, ELISA, Immunoelectrophoresis

287
Q

Personal hygiene

A

Echinococcus granulosus

288
Q

Deworming of dogs

A

Echinococcus granulosus

289
Q

Safeguarding all discarded viscera in slaughter houses by boiling or dumping into dog proof pits

A

Echinococcus granulosus

290
Q

Surgical removal of the cyst; Replacement of the cyst fluid with 10% formalin or 2% AgNO3

A

Echinococcus granulosus

291
Q

Albendazole: 400 mg 2x a day for 4 weeks

A

Echinococcus granulosus

292
Q

High dose of Mebendazole

A

Echinococcus granulosus

293
Q

the broad-headed tapeworm

A

a) Raillietina cesticillus

294
Q

the nodular tapeworm

A

b) Raillietina echinobothrida

295
Q

up to 13 cm long and 1-3 mm wide

A

a) Raillietina cesticillus

296
Q

up to 25 cm long and 1 -4 mm wide

A

b) Raillietina echinobothrida
tetragona

297
Q

up to 25 cm long and 1-4 mm wide

A

b) Raillietina echinobothrida

298
Q

up to 7 cm long and 1.5 mm wide

A

d) Raillietina bonini

299
Q

in chicken, turkey and many wild birds

A

a) Raillietina cesticillus

300
Q

in numerous domestic and wild birds

A

d) Raillietina tetragona

301
Q

mainly in pigeons

A

d) Raillietina bonini

302
Q

found worldwide

A

a) Raillietina cesticillus
b) Raillietina echinobothrida
c) Raillietina tetragona

303
Q

found in Europe, Near and Middle East

A

d) Raillietina bonini

304
Q

in chicken, pigeon, pheasants

A

b) Raillietina echinobothrida

305
Q

Common intestinal cestode of rodents in the Philippines

A
  1. Raillietina garrisoni
306
Q

“Gid worm”

A
  1. Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps
307
Q

Synonym: Echinococcus alveolaris

A
  1. Echinococcus multilocularis
308
Q

Intermediate host: flour beetle (Tribolium confusum)

A
  1. Raillietina garrisoni
309
Q

Intermediate host: herbivores

A
  1. Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps
310
Q

Definitive host: dogs, wolves and fox

A
  1. Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps
311
Q

Intermediate host: rodents and sometimes humans

A
  1. Echinococcus multilocularis
312
Q

Definitive host: fox, canines, coyotes, cats

A
  1. Echinococcus multilocularis
313
Q

known in Europe, Asia, New Zealand, South and North America

A
  1. Echinococcus multilocularis
314
Q

Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps Infective stage

A

embryonated ova

315
Q

➢ L: 60 cm

A

Raillietina garrisoni

316
Q

➢ Scolex: minute; subglobular, has rostellum with 90-140 hammer shaped hooks

A

Raillietina garrisoni

317
Q

➢ Mature proglottid: bilobed, surrounded by 36-50 ovoid testes

A

Raillietina garrisoni

318
Q

➢ Genital pore: opens at the side

A

Raillietina garrisoni

319
Q

Adult: 40-60 cm

A

Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps

320
Q

➢ Scolex: pyriform with double circles of rostellar hook

A

Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps

321
Q

➢ Uterus: 18-20 branches

A

Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps

322
Q

Morphology & Life cycle: similar to E. granulosus

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

323
Q

➢ Adult: 3-5 segments (1.23.7mm)

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

324
Q

➢ Cyst: multilocular

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

325
Q

cerebral & ocular coenurosis (coenurosis- BLADDER WORM)

A

Multiceps multiceps/ Taenia multiceps

326
Q

Alveolar Hydatid disease

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

327
Q

➢ Asymptomatic

A

Raillietina garrisoni

328
Q

➢ Medical consultation: proglottids in feces

A

Raillietina garrisoni

329
Q

varies, some infections may spontaneously disappear, others go till death

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

330
Q

Fecalysis – Proglottids and ova

A

Raillietina garrisoni

331
Q

➢ Elimination of rodents

A

Raillietina garrisoni
Multiceps multiceps

332
Q

➢ Proper storage of grain products

A

Raillietina garrisoni

Multiceps multiceps

333
Q

➢ Sanitary waste disposal

A

Raillietina garrisoni
Multiceps multiceps

334
Q

Praziquantel: to expel the worm

A

Raillietina garrisoni
Multiceps multiceps

335
Q

➢ Surgery

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

336
Q

➢ High doses of Albendazole- resistant to praziquantel

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

337
Q

• genus of parasitic tapeworms that has chicken, turkey, geese and numerous other domestic and wild birds as final hosts.

A

CYCLOPHYLLIDEAN: RAILLIETINA

338
Q

CYCLOPHYLLIDEAN: RAILLIETINA
• The most relevant ones are:

A

a) Raillietina cesticillus
b) Raillietina echinobothrida
c) Raillietina tetragona
d) Raillietina bonini

339
Q

, include multiple species of flat worms that can reside in the human gastrointestinal tract

A

Cestodes, or tapeworms

340
Q

The species that most commonly cause human disease include

A

Taenia saginatum, Taenia solium, Diphyllobothrium latum and Hymenolepis nana among others

Clinical Parasitology Lab (7 decks)

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