Cervical techniques

Question 1

What is the primary difference between a strain and a sprain?

Answer 1

A sprain is an injury to a ligament while a strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon.

Question 2

What is the name of the ligament on the front of the cervical spine that resists excess extension?

Answer 2

anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 3

What joints of the spine have ligamentous restraints as part of their joint capsules and are susceptible to sprain injury?

Answer 3

These are the facet or zygapophyseal joints

Question 4

A high load forceful flexion of the cervical spine could create a sprain to the short ligaments between adjacent spinous processes. What are these ligaments called?

Answer 4

interspinous ligaments

Question 5

What is Ehler’s-Danlos syndrome and how would you recognize it?

Answer 5

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of inherited disorders that affect your connective tissues — primarily your skin, joints, and blood vessel walls. Symptoms include…
joint hypermobility.
loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily.
joint pain and clicking joints.
extreme tiredness (fatigue)
skin that bruises easily.
digestive problems, such as heartburn and constipation.
dizziness and an increased heart rate after standing up.

Question 6

Are ligament sprains more likely from acute injury or from chronic loading over time?

Answer 6

More likely from high force loads in an acute injury.

Question 7

The average range of motion for craniocervical flexion is what?

Answer 7

45 to 50 degrees with 10 degrees attributable to the atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial joints and the remainder in the intracervical region

Question 8

The average range of motion for a craniocervical extension is what?

Answer 8

75 to 85 degrees…. 20 degrees is atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial joints and the remainder is cervical motion.

Question 9

the six pairs of Muscles responsible for craniocervical flexion are…

Answer 9

rectus capitus anterior; rectus capitis lateralis; longus capitus; longus colli; posterior scalenes; intermedius scalenes; anterior scalenes; sternocleidomastoid

Question 10

the 15 pairs of muscles responsible for craniocervical lateral flexion are

Answer 10

rectus capitus anterior; rectus capitis lateralis; longus capitus; longus colli; splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, posterior scalenes; intermedius scalenes; anterior scalenes; sternocleidomastoid; levator scapulae; trapezius (upper portion); rectus capitis posterior major; rectus capitis posterior minor; obliquus capitis superior; obliquus capitis inferior; semispinalis capitis; longissimus capitis; multifidi

Question 11

The seven pairs of muscles responsible for craniocervical ipsilateral rotation are:

Answer 11

splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, posterior scalenes; intermedius scalenes; anterior scalenes; levator scapulae; ; rectus capitis posterior major; obliquus capitis inferior; longissimus capitis;

Question 12

the 19 pairs of muscles involved in craniocervical extension are

Answer 12

rectus capitis posterior major; rectus capitis posterior minor; obliquus capitis superior; obliquus capitis inferior; longissimus capitis; splenius capitis; semispinalis capitis; splenius capitis; sternocleidomastoid; trapezius (upper portion); longissimus cervicis; semispinalis cervicis; iliocostalis cervicis; splenius cervicis, levator scapulae; interspinales cervicis; spinalis cervicis; rotatores cervicis; multifidi

Question 13

the ten pairs of muscles associated with craniocervical contralateral rotation are

Answer 13

trapezius (upper portion) semispinalis capitis; semispinalis cervicis; rotatores cervicis; longus colli; sternocleidomastoid; multifidi; posterior scalenes; intermedius scalenes; anterior scalenes;

Question 14

what is the innervation of rectus capitis anterior?

Answer 14

rectus capitis anterior C1, C2

Question 15

what is the innervation of rectus capitis lateralis?

Answer 15

rectus capitis lateralis C1, C2

Question 16

what is the innervation of longus capitus?

Answer 16

longus capitis C1, C2, C3

Question 17

what is the innervation of longus colli ?

Answer 17

longus colli C2, C3,C4,C5,C6

Question 18

what is the innervation of posterior scalenes; middle scalenes; anterior scalenes?

Answer 18

posterior scalenes C6,C7,C8 middle scalenes C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8 anterior scalenes C4, C5, C6

Question 19

what is the innervation of sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 19

spinal accessory nerve CN XI and C3, C4

Question 20

what is the innervation of splenius capitis?

Answer 20

splenius capitis- posterior ramus of C3 and C4

Question 21

what is the innervation of splenius cervicis ?

Answer 21

splenius cervicis posterior ramus of C2 and C3

Question 22

what is the innervation of levator scapulae ?

Answer 22

levator scapulae; dorsal scapular nerve C3, C4, C5

Question 23

what is the innervation of trapezius (upper portion)?

Answer 23

trapezius (upper portion) spinal accessory nerve CN XI and C3, C4

Question 24

what is the innervation of rectus capitis posterior major ?

Answer 24

rectus capitis posterior major: suboccipital nerve dorsal ramus of C1

Question 25

what is the innervation of rectus capitis posterior minor; obliquus capitis superior; obliquus capitis inferior; semispinalis capitis; longissimus capitis; multifidi

Answer 25

rectus capitis posterior minor; suboccipital nerve dorsal ramus of C1

Question 26

what is the innervation of obliquus capitis superior?

Answer 26

obliquus capitis superior suboccipital nerve dorsal ramus of C1

Question 27

what is the innervation of obliquus capitis inferior?

Answer 27

obliquus capitis inferior suboccipital nerve dorsal ramus of C1

Question 28

what is the innervation of semispinalis capitis?

Answer 28

greater occipital nerve (posterior ramus of C2 spinal nerve) and spinal nerve C3

Question 29

what is the innervation of longissimus capitis?

Answer 29

dorsal rami of cervical nerves

Question 30

what is the innervation of the multifidi?

Answer 30

It is innervated by the medial branch nerve (MBN) of the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve at each level