brain anatomy Flashcards
the most common pattern of diabetic neuropathy is distal symmetrical polyneuropathy which results in a characteristic
glove and stocking pattern of sensory loss
Wallerian degeneration refers to the degeneration of…
axons and myelin sheaf
Guillain-Barre syndrome presents with progressive weakness, areflexia, and tingling paresthesias of hands and feet, with motor involvement typically much more severe than sensory involvement is caused by
immune-mediated demyelination of peripheral nerves brought on by viral illness, HIV, campylobacter jejuni enteritis, or other infections.
Myasthenia Gravis features a bimodal age onset with onset in women (commonly) in their twenties and thirties and men in their sixties and seventies, generalized symmetrical weakness (which becomes more severe with repeated use of a muscle) , a nasal sounding voice, and dysphagia. It is brought on by
immune-mediated disorder in which circulating antibodies against the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle cells.
what is spondylolysis
fractures that appear in the interarticular portion of the vertebral bone, between the facet joints.
what is spondylolisthesis
displacement of a vertebral body relative to the vertebral body beneath it.
Dynamic deformation such as skin motion, and detecting slipping objects is detected by which form of receptor subtype
Meissner corpuscles
vibration such as vibratory cues transmitted by body contact when grasping an object is detected by
Pacinian corpuscles
What four types of sensation are carried from the periphery to the brain along tracts of neurons through the spinal cord via the main dorsal column system
light touch; 2point discrimination, proprioception, vibration
what two types of peripheral sensation are conveyed via the spinothalamic tract
nociception and temperature
Upper Limb Dermatomal Sensory Testing motor and sensory of Root C4
motor shrug; the sensory is tip of the shoulder
Upper Limb Dermatomal Sensory Testing motor and sensory of Root C6
the motor is elbow flexion and wrist extension; the sensory is thumb and the reflex is brachioradialis
Upper Limb Dermatomal Sensory Testing motor and sensory of Root C7
the motor is elbow extension and wrist flexion; the sensory is the middle finger and the reflex is the triceps
what are the roots of the medial pectoral nerve? what muscle does it innervate?
C6, C7, C8 ,T1 pectoralis major (sternal head)
what are the roots of the inferior gluteal nerve? what muscle does it innervate?
L5,S1,S2 gluteus maximus
name five somatic pain red flags
severe or progressively worsening pain that is difficult to control
pain that is not relieved by typical measures such as rest, medication, or changes in position; pain that is associated with fever, chills, or other signs of infection; pain that is associated with significant trauma; pain that is accompanied by numbness or weakness in the affected area; pain that is accompanied by bowel or bladder dysfunction; pain that is located in the neck or back and is associated with loss of sensation or weakness in the legs or arms; pain that is accompanied by loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, or night sweats; pain that is associated with a history of cancer, HIV infection, or use of ID
what does a muscle grading of 4 indicate?
Muscle is GOOD, complete ROM against gravity, with some resistance
upper motor neuron site of the lesion can be cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem, or spinal cord what will inspection reveal and what will the tone of the muscle be which will be revealed how in the reflexes?
no fasciculations or significant wasting and tone will be increased (spasticity or rigidity) with or without ankle clonus. This will show as exaggerated or brisk hyperreflexia
what are some examples of upper motor neuron conditions?
ischaemic or hemorrhagic stroke; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; multiple sclerosis
lower motor neuron - the site of the lesion could be the anterior horn cell, motor nerve roots, or peripheral motor nerves. What would inspection of the muscle reveal? What would be the expected muscle tone? How will the reflexes reflect this?
there would be wasting away and fasciculations of the muscles. There would be a decreased tone (flaccid) The reflexes would be hypotonic, (areflexia).
what are some examples of lower motor neuron conditions?
peripheral nerve trauma/ compression; spinal muscular atrophy; Guillain- Barre syndrome; poliomyelitis
