brain anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

the most common pattern of diabetic neuropathy is distal symmetrical polyneuropathy which results in a characteristic

A

glove and stocking pattern of sensory loss

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2
Q

Wallerian degeneration refers to the degeneration of…

A

axons and myelin sheaf

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3
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome presents with progressive weakness, areflexia, and tingling paresthesias of hands and feet, with motor involvement typically much more severe than sensory involvement is caused by

A

immune-mediated demyelination of peripheral nerves brought on by viral illness, HIV, campylobacter jejuni enteritis, or other infections.

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4
Q

Myasthenia Gravis features a bimodal age onset with onset in women (commonly) in their twenties and thirties and men in their sixties and seventies, generalized symmetrical weakness (which becomes more severe with repeated use of a muscle) , a nasal sounding voice, and dysphagia. It is brought on by

A

immune-mediated disorder in which circulating antibodies against the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle cells.

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5
Q

what is spondylolysis

A

fractures that appear in the interarticular portion of the vertebral bone, between the facet joints.

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6
Q

what is spondylolisthesis

A

displacement of a vertebral body relative to the vertebral body beneath it.

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7
Q

Dynamic deformation such as skin motion, and detecting slipping objects is detected by which form of receptor subtype

A

Meissner corpuscles

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8
Q

vibration such as vibratory cues transmitted by body contact when grasping an object is detected by

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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9
Q

What four types of sensation are carried from the periphery to the brain along tracts of neurons through the spinal cord via the main dorsal column system

A

light touch; 2point discrimination, proprioception, vibration

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10
Q

what two types of peripheral sensation are conveyed via the spinothalamic tract

A

nociception and temperature

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11
Q

Upper Limb Dermatomal Sensory Testing motor and sensory of Root C4

A

motor shrug; the sensory is tip of the shoulder

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12
Q

Upper Limb Dermatomal Sensory Testing motor and sensory of Root C6

A

the motor is elbow flexion and wrist extension; the sensory is thumb and the reflex is brachioradialis

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13
Q

Upper Limb Dermatomal Sensory Testing motor and sensory of Root C7

A

the motor is elbow extension and wrist flexion; the sensory is the middle finger and the reflex is the triceps

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14
Q

what are the roots of the medial pectoral nerve? what muscle does it innervate?

A

C6, C7, C8 ,T1 pectoralis major (sternal head)

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15
Q

what are the roots of the inferior gluteal nerve? what muscle does it innervate?

A

L5,S1,S2 gluteus maximus

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16
Q

name five somatic pain red flags

A

severe or progressively worsening pain that is difficult to control
pain that is not relieved by typical measures such as rest, medication, or changes in position; pain that is associated with fever, chills, or other signs of infection; pain that is associated with significant trauma; pain that is accompanied by numbness or weakness in the affected area; pain that is accompanied by bowel or bladder dysfunction; pain that is located in the neck or back and is associated with loss of sensation or weakness in the legs or arms; pain that is accompanied by loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, or night sweats; pain that is associated with a history of cancer, HIV infection, or use of ID

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17
Q

what does a muscle grading of 4 indicate?

A

Muscle is GOOD, complete ROM against gravity, with some resistance

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18
Q

upper motor neuron site of the lesion can be cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem, or spinal cord what will inspection reveal and what will the tone of the muscle be which will be revealed how in the reflexes?

A

no fasciculations or significant wasting and tone will be increased (spasticity or rigidity) with or without ankle clonus. This will show as exaggerated or brisk hyperreflexia

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19
Q

what are some examples of upper motor neuron conditions?

A

ischaemic or hemorrhagic stroke; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; multiple sclerosis

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20
Q

lower motor neuron - the site of the lesion could be the anterior horn cell, motor nerve roots, or peripheral motor nerves. What would inspection of the muscle reveal? What would be the expected muscle tone? How will the reflexes reflect this?

A

there would be wasting away and fasciculations of the muscles. There would be a decreased tone (flaccid) The reflexes would be hypotonic, (areflexia).

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21
Q

what are some examples of lower motor neuron conditions?

A

peripheral nerve trauma/ compression; spinal muscular atrophy; Guillain- Barre syndrome; poliomyelitis

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22
Q

what is V I N D I C A T E?

A

vascular; Inflammation/infection; Neoplasticity; degenerative; iatrogenic/idiopathic; congenital; auto-immune; trauma; endocrine.

23
Q

what is the blood supply to the medulla?

A

the vertebral artery branches of anterior spinal artery and posterior inferior cerebral artery (PICA)

24
Q

Brainstem stroke of the medulla…what are some of the presented symptoms of Wallenbergs Syndrome?

A

vertigo
Nausea and vomiting
Difficulty with balance and ambulation
Difficulty maintaining sitting posture
Blurry vision
Horizontal or rotational nystagmus
Crossed hemisensory disturbance
Ipsilateral reduction in facial pain & temperature sensation
Contralateral reduction in trunk pain & temperature sensation
Hoarseness

25
Q

what is meant by “hematogenous spread? Homonymous hemiopia? quadrantanopia? Leptomeninges?

A

Hematogenous spread - Produced by or derived from the blood; disseminated through the bloodstream or by the
circulation
Homonymous hemiopia- A condition in which a person sees only one side ― right or left ― of the visual world of each eye
Quadrantanopia- The loss of vision in one of the quarters of the visual field.
Leptomeninges- The inner two meninges, the arachnoid, and the pia mater, between which circulate the
cerebrospinal fluid.

26
Q

How would lesions in the non-dominant side of the parietal lobe (which has the functions of spatial orientation and construction skills) be presented at the clinic?

A

Neglect of the non-dominant side; spatial disorientation; constructional apraxia; dressing apraxia; homonymous hemianopia

27
Q

what does DANISH stand for ?

A

cerebellar dysfunction tests for : dysdiadochokinesia; ataxia; nystagmus; intention tremor; slurred speech; hypotonia

28
Q

what is the innervation of longus capitus, being a flexor and a side flexor of the neck

A

C1,C2,C3

29
Q

what is the innervation of rectus capitus lateralis, being a flexor of the neck

A

C1,C2

30
Q

what is the innervation of rectus capitus anterior, being a flexor of the neck

A

C1,C2,C3

31
Q

what is the innervation of longus colli, being a flexor of the neck

A

C2,C2,C4,C5,C6

32
Q

what is the innervation of sternocleidomastoid, being a flexor of the neck

A

C2,C3 and C N XI (Accessory nerve)

33
Q

what is the innervation of anterior scalene, being a flexor of the neck and an elevator and abductor of the shoulder

A

C4, C5, C6

34
Q

what is the innervation of middle scalene, being a flexor and side flexor of the neck and an elevator and abductor of the shoulder

A

C3, C4, C5, C6, C8

35
Q

what is the innervation of trapezius, being a side flexor of the neck

A

C3, C4 and C N XI (Accessory nerve)

36
Q

what is the innervation of the diaphragm, being an elevator of the shoulder?

A

C3,C4,C5

37
Q

what is the innervation of levator scapular, being an elevator of the shoulder?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve, C3,C4,C5

38
Q

what is the innervation of the rhomboids, major and minor, being abductors of the shoulder?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve, C4,C5

39
Q

what is the innervation of the deltoid being an abductor of the shoulder?

A

Axillary nerve, C5,C6

40
Q

what is the innervation of the supraspinatus being an abductor of the shoulder?

A

Suprascapular nerve C5,C6

41
Q

what is the innervation of the infraspinatus being an abductor of the shoulder?

A

Suprascapular nerve C5,C6

42
Q

what is the innervation of the teres minor being an abductor of the shoulder?

A

Axillary nerve, C5,C6

43
Q

what is the innervation of the biceps brachii being an abductor of the shoulder and flexor and supinator of arm and forearm?

A

Musculocutaneous C5,C6

44
Q

what is the innervation of the serratus anterior being the stabilizer of the scapular?

A

Long Thoracic nerve C5,C6,C7

45
Q

what is the innervation of the clavicular head of pectoralis major being the adductor of the arm?

A

Lateral pectoral nerve C5,C6

46
Q

what is the innervation of the sternal head of pectoralis major being the adductor and medial rotator of the arm?

A

Medial pectoral nerve C6,C7,C8,T1

47
Q

what is the innervation of the pectoralis minor being the protractor, depressor, and downward rotator of the scapular?

A

Medial and the lateral pectoral nerves C5,C6,C7,C8,T1

48
Q

what is the innervation of the subscapularis being the internal rotator of the humerus?

A

Subscapular nerve C5,C6

49
Q

what is the innervation of the teres major being the adductor and internal rotator of the humerus?

A

Subscapular nerve C5,C6,C7

50
Q

what is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi being the adductor and internal rotator of the humerus?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve C6,C7,C8

51
Q

what is the innervation of the brachialis being a flexor of the forearm?

A

Musculocutaneous C5,C6

52
Q

what is the innervation of the coracobrachialis being a flexor of the and an adductor of the arm?

A

Musculocutaneous C6,C7

53
Q
A