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Manual II > Cervical Spine > Flashcards

Cervical Spine Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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2
Q

What are the atypical cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 and C2

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3
Q

What makes C1 atypical?

A

It lacks a body, disc and spinous process

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4
Q

Which vertebrae has the widest transverse processes?

A

C1

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5
Q

Because of its articulations with C0 and C2, C1 is deemed …

A

Tri-articular

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6
Q

Which vertebrae has the first palpable spinous process?

A

C2

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7
Q

What makes C2 atypical?

A

The dens

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8
Q

Which vertebrae divides the upper and lower cervical spine?

A

C2

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9
Q

Which type of mechanics are dominant above C2?

A

Type 1 mechanics

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10
Q

Which type of mechanics are dominant below C2?

A

Type 2 mechanics

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11
Q

Which spinal nerves emerge from the suboccipital region?

A

CN IX, X, XI

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12
Q

Occipital condyles converge (anteriorly/ posteriorly) and diverge (anteriorly/ posteriorly)

A

Converge anteriorly

Diverge posteriorly

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13
Q

Which vertebra is known as “vertebra prominens”?

A

C7

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14
Q

What is the facet orientation of the cervical facets?

A

40-45 degrees

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15
Q

Tell me about the anterior longitudinal ligament

A

◼ runs along the Anterior bodies/discs
◼ Restrains extension, especially hyper extension
◼ runs from Occiput to sacrum

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16
Q

Tell me about the posterior longitudinal ligament

A

◼ it runs along the Posterior bodies/discs
◼ Restrains flexion, especially hyper flexion
◼ it runs from C2 to sacrum

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17
Q

Which ligaments are most injured in a whiplash injury?

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

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18
Q

Tell me about the ligamentum flavum

A

◼ runs from C2 to sacrum along posterior canal
◼ 80% Elastin “yellow”
◼ minimally assists regaining upright position
◼ Attaches to facetanteromedially and prevents impingement of small meniscoid tissues on margins of facet joints

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19
Q

Tell me about the ligamentum nuchae

A 
◼ Spinous processes
◼ Occiput to C7
◼ replaces SupraSpinous and InfraSpinous ligaments of cervical spine
◼ Restrains flexion
◼ Muscle aponeurosis
• Trap/Rh.Mj./Sp.Cap./Sr.P.Sup. 
◼ connects to Spinal dura (C0/C1/C2)*
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20
Q

What are the 4 deep posterior ligaments that are specific to the cervical spine?

A

Tectorial membrane
Cruciform ligament
Apical
Alar

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21
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the cruciform ligament?

A

Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse

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22
Q

I’m 9 years old, how do my discs get their nutrition?

A

Diffusion

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23
Q

Why study the muscles of the cervical spine?

A

⦿ Diagnostic entity
⦿ Identify primary motion restrictor
⦿ Role in treatment

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24
Q

Behind the eye head aches are often attributed to the ________ nerve, which pierces through the _________ and ________ to get to its position around the eyes. It may also be associated with C__-C__ vertebrae.

A

Behind the eye head aches are often attributed to the GREATER OCCIPITAL nerve, which pierces through the TRAPEZIUS and SEMISPINALIS CAPITUS to get to its position around the eyes. It may also be associated with C2-C3 vertebrae.

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25
Q

Scaline dysfunction is associated with type __ dysfunctions

A

2

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26
Q

Levator Scapulae dysfunction is associated with type ___ dysfunction

A

Type 1 and 2

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27
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

8 pairs

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28
Q

The spinal nerves have the largest _____ of the spine

A

Dorsal roots

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29
Q

Which nerves make up the ansa cervicalis?

A

C1 C2 C3

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30
Q

What is the trigeminal- cervical nucleus?

A

The gray matter migrates into the spinal cord, disturbing CN V (trigeminal n), C1, C2, and C2. This intermingling of efferent information may manifest as sensory pain to the face.

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31
Q

True or false; there is evidence to support cervical mobility has an impact on vertebral artery flow

A

False

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32
Q

What are the symptoms of cervical arterial compromise?

A 
Dizziness
Diplodia 
Dysathreia
Dysphagia 
Drop attacks

Nausea
Nystagmus
Numbness (lips)

Ataxia

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33
Q

True or false; C1 tension and torque can block blood blow of the internal carotid artery

A

True

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34
Q

What percentage of weight bearing do the facet joints perform? The disc?

A

Facets - 40%

Discs- 60%

35
Q

When one refers to the tripodism of a vertebrae, to what are they referring?

A

The joints; 2 facets and 1 disc

36
Q

Tell me about the intra-articular menisci

A 
⦿ Cranial/Caudal
◼present in C-T-L spine
◼ provide stability
◼ Load distribution in facet joints
◼ Ligamentum Flavum is an attachment for the disc 
◼ Impingement source
37
Q

Where are the joints of von Luschka found?

A

C3-C7

38
Q

What is the purpose of the joints of von Luschka?

A

Assist congruency
Safety stopper
Limit excessive lateral flexion

39
Q

The joints of von Luschka are prone to ___________ changes.

A

Spondolytic

40
Q

What are the 2 main components of the intervertebral discs?

A

Annulus fibrosis

Nucleus pulposis

41
Q

Where is a spinal segment most stable?

A

Optimal Zone of Load

42
Q

What is the Rule of Superior Motion?

A

Motion of a single vertebra is described relative to the vertebra below regardless of whether the motion occurs from above down or below up

43
Q

What is the rule of vertebral body motion?

A

It is the direction of the vertebral body and not the spinous process that determines the direction of vertebral motion

44
Q

Roll-Gliding occurs between _________________ during all active and passive rotations

A

incongruent curved joint surfaces

45
Q

_________: Occurs when a new point on one surface always comes into contact with a new point on the other surface

A

Roll

46
Q

________: Occurs when one point on one surface always comes into contact with a new point on the other surface

A

Glide

47
Q

Which actions roll around the x axis

A

Flexion extension

48
Q

Which actions roll around the z axis?

A

Side bending

49
Q

Which actions roll around the Y axis?

A

Rotation

50
Q

Which directions translate along the x axis?

A

Medial and lateral

51
Q

Which directions translate along the z axis?

A

Anterior posterior

52
Q

Which directions translate along the y axis?

A

Cranial caudal

53
Q

CO-C1-C2 follow _______ rule; roll- glide occur in _____ directions

A

Convex

Opposite

54
Q

C2-C3 to L5-S1 follow _______ rule; roll- glide occur in _____ directions

A

Concave

Same directions

55
Q

What is fryette’s first rule?

A

When the vertebrae are idling in neutral (ie., facets are unloaded), side bending is associated with contralateral rotation

56
Q

Where does fryette’s first rule occur?

A

Occurs in the thoracic and

lumbar spine; upper cervical (O-A-A) in all conditions

57
Q

What is fryette’s second rule?

A

When the vertebrae are
in a non-neutral position
(i.e., flexion or extension), side bending is associated with
ipsilateral rotation.

58
Q

Where does fryette’s second rule apply?

A

Occurs in lower cervical
spine (C2 –C7), thoracic
spine, and lumbar spine

59
Q

What is fryette’s third rule?

A

When motion is
introduced in one plane,
other motions are
reduced in range

60
Q

What are the arthrokinematics of the occipitoatlantal joint during extension?

A

Posterior roll

Anterior glide

61
Q

What are the arthrokinematics of the occipitoatlantal joint during flexion?

A

Anterior roll

Posterior glide

62
Q

True or false; The arthrokinematics of the occipitoatlantal joint are that during side bending to the RIGHT the RIGHT CONDYLE moves posteriorly

A

False

63
Q

What is the primary rotator of the upper cervical spine?

A

Atlantoaxial joint

64
Q

What is the primary derogatory for the lower cervical spine?

A

Atlantoaxial joint

65
Q

How many degrees of rotation are available at the atlantoaxial joint?

A

45 degrees

66
Q

When CO sidebends to the right
C1?
C2?

A

C1 translates right

C2 translates right

67
Q

When CO rotates right…
C1?
C2?

A

C1 rotates right

C2 rotates left

68
Q

What are the 4 normal motion barriers?

A

Physiologic
Elastic
Anatomic
Paraphysiologic

69
Q

Movement toward neutral can be referred to as…

A

Indirect or ease

70
Q

Movement toward a motion barrier can be referred to as…

A

Direct or bind

71
Q

The restrictive barrier is indicative of…

A

somatic dysfunction

72
Q

A restrictive barrier may be secondary to __________ and / or ___________.

A

joint blockage (derangement) and/or shortened articular tissue (i.e., capsule, ligament, myofascial tissue, etc.)

73
Q

A Major Motion Loss is present when _________ of the range is restricted. This means there (will/ won’t) be
asymmetry present in neutral (mid position).

A

50% or more of the range is restricted

Will

74
Q

A Minor Motion Loss is present when __________ of the range is restricted. This means there (will/ won’t) be asymmetry in neutral (mid position).

A

less than 50% of the range is restricted

Won’t

75
Q

What is the average distance found in the ADI of an adult? A child?

A

Adult: < or equal to 3 mm
Kid: < or equal to 5 mm

76
Q

Tell me about type 2 dysfunctions

A 
⦿ 1 segment involvement
(FRS, ERS) 
⦿ Found in non-neutral spinal positions (major restrictions also found in neutral) 
⦿ Traumatically induced 
⦿ Articular dysfunction 
⦿ Usually symptomatic
77
Q

The arthrokinematic position of an FRS right is…

A

Left facet open

78
Q

What is the arthrokinematic restriction of an FRS right?

A

Left facet can’t close

79
Q

What is the osteokinematic position of an FRS right?

A

Flexed
Rotated
Side bent right

80
Q

What is the osteokinematic restriction of an FRS right?

A

Extension
Side bending
Rotation left

81
Q

What’s the osteokinematic position of an ERS left?

A

Extended
Rotated
Side bent left

82
Q

What is the osteokinematic restriction off an ERS left?

A

Flexion
Rotation
Side bend right

83
Q

What is the arthrokinematic position of an ERS left?

A

Left facet is closed

84
Q

What is the arthrokinematic restriction of an ERS left?

A

Left facet can’t open

Manual II (11 decks)

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