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MSRA reproductive medicine > Cervical cancer > Flashcards

Cervical cancer Flashcards

1
Q

80% of cervical cancers are

A

squamous cell carcinomas

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2
Q

What is the second most common type of cervical cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

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3
Q

Which types of HPV are most associated with cervical cancer

A

16 & 18

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4
Q

How does HPV cause cervical cancer

A

Produce proteins E6&7 that inhibit tumour suppressor genes p53 and pRb

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5
Q

Increased risk of catching HPV occurs with

A

early sexual activity
increased number of sexual partners
not using condoms

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6
Q

Other than HPV what are some risk factors for cervical cancer (5)

A

Smoking
HIV
COCP use for >5 years
increased number of full term pregnancies

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7
Q

presenting symptoms that should make you consider cervical cancer (4)

A

abnormal vaginal bleeding
vaginal discharge
pelvic pain
dyspareunia

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8
Q

Appearances on speculum exam that can suggest cervical cancer (4)

A

Ulceration
Inflammation
bleeding
visible tumour

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9
Q

dysplasia in the cervix is called

A

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

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10
Q

define CIN 1

A

mild dysplasia
affecting 1/3 the thickness of the epithelial layer
likely to return to normal without treatment

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11
Q

define CIN 2

A

moderate dysplasia
affecting 2/3 the thickness of the epithelial layer
likely to progress to cancer if untreated

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12
Q

define CIN 3

A

severe dysplasia
very likely to progress to cancer if untreated

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13
Q

CIN III is sometimes called

A

cervical carcinoma in situ

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14
Q

What is dyskaryosis in the context of cervical malignancy

A

cells are examined under a microscope for precancerous changes

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15
Q

When is dyskaryosis performed for cervical malignancy

A

If high risk HPV is detected

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16
Q

When aged 25-49 cervical smears are performed

A

every 3 years

17
Q

When aged 50-64 cervical smears are carried out

A

every 5 years

18
Q

Women with HIV should have a smear

A

annually

19
Q

pregnant women due a smear should

A

wait until 12 weeks post partum

20
Q

Actinomyces-like organisms are often discovered at the smears of women who

A

have IUD’s

21
Q

What should be done if a patient’s smear results show an inadequate sample

A

repeat after at least 3 months

22
Q

What should be done if a patient’s smear results show that they are HPV negative

A

continue routine screening

23
Q

What should be done if a patient’s smear results show normal cytology but HPV negative

A

repeat after 12 months

24
Q

What should be done if a patient’s smear results show abnormal cytology and HPV positive

A

refer for colposcopy

25
Q

During colposcopy what can be used to differentiate abnormal areas

A

acetic acid; iodine solution

26
Q

When using acetic acid in colposcopy abnormal areas

A

appear white indicating increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

27
Q

When using iodine in colposcopy abnormal areas

A

will not stain

28
Q

What should a woman be warned of after a large loos excision of the transformation zone on colposcopy

A

not to use a tampon after procedure
increased risk of preterm labour

29
Q

treatment for CIN

A

cone biopsy
LLETZ

30
Q

risk of a cone biopsy (5)

A

pain
bleeding
infection
scar formation with stenosis of the cervix
increased risk of miscarriage and premature labour

31
Q

FIGO stage 1 cervical cancer

A

confined to cervix

32
Q

FIGO stage 2 cervical cancer

A

Invades the uterus or upper 2/3 of the vagina

33
Q

FIGO stage 3 cervical cancer

A

Invades the pelvic wall or lower 1/3 of the vagina

34
Q

FIGO stage 4 cervical cancer

A

Invades the bladder, rectum or beyond the pelvis

35
Q

monoclonal antibody that may be used with other chemotherapies in the treatment of metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer

A

Bevacizumab (avastin)

MSRA reproductive medicine (11 decks)

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