Cervical Anatomy and Kinesiology Flashcards
which area of the spine has most sagittal plane movement?
cervical spine
cervical lordosis
30-35 degrees
thoracic kyphosis
40 degrees
lumbar lordosis
45 degrees
what area of the spine has the most horizontal plane movement?
cervical spine
closed pack position of the cervical spine
full extension
resting position of the cervical spine
midway between flexion and extension
what happens to the capsular pattern as we age?
side-bending and rotation grow equally limited
-then extension
-then flexion is the least limited
noncapsular pattern example
being able to turn your head to the left but not as much on the right
what area of the spine has the most frontal plane movement?
cervical spine
in extension, how do the spinal segments change?
cervical- increase in lordosis
thoracic- decrease in kyphosis
lumbar- increase in lordosis
in flexion, how do the spinal segments change?
cervical- decrease or loss of lordosis
thoracic- increase of kyphosis
lumbar- decrease of loss of lordosis
what degree are the facets of the cervical spine oriented
45 degrees
what type of motion is there the most pain in the cervical spine
3D motions, stresses the joint the most
U joints exist where
between C2-3 to C6-7
what motion do U joints help most with
helps guide sagittal plane motion
what are the kinematics of the U joints
convex on concave
roll and slide in opposite directions
what motion do the U joints resist
frontal plane motion (most pain here)
PLL definition
many layers with different orientation to control movement
ALL definition
limits ext and reinforce disc, can be damaged in whiplash
ligamentum flavum
preserves the normal curvature of the spine and to straighten the column after it has been flexed
nuchal ligament
lots of muscle attachments so STM can help improve ROM
which vertebrae have ipsilateral coupling
C2-T4
disc to vertebral body size ratio
1:4
progression of disc degeneration
-end-plate fx
-internal disc disruption
-protrusion
-annular tear
-prolapse
-extrusion
-sequestration
what kind of force causes an end-plate fracture
compressive force
what nerve innervates the disc
sinuvertebral nerve
pressure is increased most in what plane of movement
sagittal
increased pressure leads to increased…
rate if degeneration
function of the atlas
to support the head
what is the orientation of the superior articular facets of C1
post/lat to ant/med at 30 degrees
half of the rotation comes from where
C1/C2
axis orientation
20 degrees from horizontal plane
capital protraction is
extension
capital retraction is
flexion
arthrokinematics of capital extension
occiput rolls posterior slides anterior
arthrokinematics of capital flexion
occiput rolls anterior and slides posterior
coupling
naturally occurring kinematic motion
transverse ligament
largest and strongest in upper c-spine, restricts flexion and post displacement of atlas
bilateral contraction of axial muscles
pure flexion/extension
unilateral contraction of axial muscles
flexion/extension with lateral flexion/side bending and/or rotation
pediatric torticollis
characterized by muscle spasm/tightening in the SCM or trap
thoracic outlet syndrome
spasm causing mechanical compression on brachial plexus and vascular issues
borders of the anterior triangle
SCM, anterior scalene, first rib
what does the anterior triangle contain
subclavian vein, lymph vessels, phrenic nerve
what are the borders of the posterior triangle
anterior scalene, middle scalene, first rib
posterior triangle contains…
subclavian artery and brachial plexus
cervical protraction is what movements of the upper and lower cervical spine
extension of C1-C2
flexion of C3-7
cervical retraction is what movements of the upper and lower cervical spine
flexion of C1-2
extension of C3-7
typical cervical flexion movements
inferior facet slides superior and anterior on inferior superior facets
typical cervical extension movements
inferior facet of superior vertebra slides inferior and posterior on superior facet of inferior vertebra
typical movement for side-bending of cervical spine (Right side-bend)
R inferior facet of superior vertebra slides inferior and posterior on R superior face of inferior vertebra
inferior facet on L superior vertebra slides superior and anterior on L superior facet of inferior vertebra
rotation of typical vertebra of cervical spine (R rotation)
R inferior facet of superior vertebra slides inferior and posterior on R superior facet of inferior vertebra
inferior facet of L superior vertebra slides superior and anterior on L superior facet of inferior vertebra
what motion increases dimensions of intervertebral foramen
cervical flexion and contralateral rotation
what decreases dimensions of intervertebral foramen
cervical extension
what are the five Ds to the vertebral artery
dizziness, drop attacks, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia
what are the 3 Ns to the vertebral artery
nausea, numbness, and nystagmus
