Cervical Flashcards
What are the causes of cervicitis?
Neisseria Gonorrhea Chlamydia trachomatis HSV Trauma Radiation Malignancy Vaginal douches
What are the risk factors for cervicitis?
Multiple sexual partners
Previous STI
Bacterial Vaginosis
Age 15-25
What are the signs and symptoms of cervicitis?
Purulent vaginal discharge Dysuria Urinary frequency Intermenstrual/postcoital bleeding Easily induced cervical bleeding
What are the investigations needed to diagnose cervicitis?
Speculum examination
Pregnancy test
Nucleic acid amplification test
What is cervical dysplasia?
Abnormal cell growth of cells in the cervix
What causes cervical dysplasia?
HPV 16/18 infection
What are the risk factors for cervical dysplasia?
Sexual contact
Smoking
Immunosupression
What are the investigations to diagnose cervical dysplasia?
PAP smear
Coloscopy
Endometrial biopsy
HPV DNA test
What is the management for cervical dysplasia?
Watch and wait Cryosurgery Laser therapy Loop excision Safe sex
What are cervical polyps?
Benign growths from the inner surface of the cervix - malignant potential
What are the causes of cervical polyps?
Inflammation (HPV, herpes, pregnancy, miscarriage)
Oestrogen
Congestion of cervical vasculature
What are the risk factors for cervical polyps?
Obesity
HTN
Post menopausal
Tamoxifen treatment
What are the symptoms of cervical polyps?
Abnormal vaginal bleeding - menorrhagia, intermenstrual, post-coital, postmenopausal)
What are the investigations to diagnose a cervical polyp?
Histology
Swabs
Cervical smear
What is the treatment for cervical polyps?
Polypectomy
Diathermy loop excision
What is cervical ectropion?
Eversion of the endocervix - stratified squamous epithelium exposed to outer surface (metaplastic change induced by oestrogen - usually stratified squamous cells)
What are the risk factors for cervical ectropion?
COCP
Pregnancy
Adolescence
Menstruation
What are the signs and symptoms of cervical ectropion?
Abnormal vaginal bleeding - intermenstrual, post coital
What are the investigations to diagnose a cervical ectropion?
Pregnancy test
Triple swab
Cervical smear
What is the treatment for cervical ectropion?
Don’t treat unless symptomatic
Stop oestrogen medications
Ablation of columnar epithelium - cryotherapy or electrocautery.
What is an incompetent cervix?
Weak cervical tissues that causes cervix to dilate and thin before term
What are the causes of an incompetent cervix?
Cervical trauma (PAP smear, cervical tear) Congenital conditions (uterine abnormalities, collagen mutations, exposure to DES)
What are the signs and symptoms for incompetent cervix?
Sensation of pelvic pressure
Backache
Mild abdominal cramps
Change in vaginal discharge
What is the cause of cervical cancer?
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia - HPV 16/18 infection
What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?
Smoking
STIs
COCP long term use >8yrs
What are the signs and symptoms of cervical cancer?
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Vaginal discharge
Pelvic pain
Weight loss
What are the investigations to diagnose cervical cancer?
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
