Cerebral Vasculature Lecture

Question 1

Label the arteries in this image

Answer 1

1. external carotid
2. Internal carotid
3. vertebral

Question 2

Label the arteries in the image

Answer 2

Question 3

Label the sinuses

Answer 3

Question 4

Where does an extradural bleed occur?

Answer 4

between skull and dura

Question 5

What causes an extradural bleed?

Answer 5

trauma

Question 6

What are the clinical effects of an extradural bleed?

Answer 6

raised intracranial pressure, acute onset pain

Question 7

which type of blood vessel is involved in an extradural bleed?

Answer 7

arteries

Question 8

where does a subdural bleed occur?

Answer 8

between dura and arachnoid

Question 9

what causes a subdural bleed?

Answer 9

trauma

Question 10

what are the clinical effects of a subdural bleed? Why?

Answer 10

delayed onset pain because this bleed is venous, lower pressure and builds up over time

Question 11

where does the subarachnoid bleed occur?

Answer 11

in the base of the brain, circle of willis

Question 12

what causes a subdural bleed?

Answer 12

ruptured aneurysms (weaknesses in blood vessel wall)

Question 13

what type of bleed is an intracerebral bleed?

Answer 13

spontaneous hypertensive

Question 14

where does an intracerebral bleed occur?

Answer 14

within the brain itself

Question 15

what causes death in an extra-dural bleed?

Answer 15

increased intracranial pressure, pushing brain on to brainstem and shutting down cardiorespiratory centres

Question 16

what two things can a stroke be caused by?

Answer 16

thrombo-embolism or haemorrhage

Question 17

what is a TIA?

Answer 17

transient ischaemic attack

Question 18

how quickly does a TIA resolve?

Answer 18

within 24 hours

Question 19

what is the name given to degenerative changes which occur in tissue following occlusion of an artery?

Answer 19

infarction

Question 20

what is the name given to lack of sufficient blood supply to nervous tissue resulting in permanent damage if blood flow is restored quickly

Answer 20

cerebral ischaemia

Question 21

what is thrombosis?

Answer 21

formation of a blood clot

Question 22

what is an embolism?

Answer 22

plugging of a small vessel by material carried from larger vessel eg. thrombi from the heart or atherosclerotic from the internal carotid

Question 23

what are the risk factors for stroke?

Answer 23

age, hypertension, cardiac disease, smoking, diabetes mellitus, age

Question 24

label the arteries for each of the perfusion fields

Answer 24

blue - anterior cerebral artery

red - middle cerebral artery

yellow - posterior cerebral artery

Question 25

Answer 25

blue - anterior cerebral artery

red - middle cerebral artery

yellow - posterior cerebral artery

Question 26

a problem with the anterior cerebral artery leads to what symptoms?

Answer 26

• paralysis of contralateral structures
• disturbance of intellect, executive function and judgement
• loss of appropriate social behaviour

Question 27

during a problem with the anterior cerebral artery, paralysis of which structures is greatest?

leg, arm or face?

Answer 27

leg

Question 28

middle cerebral artery symptoms include

Answer 28

• contralateral paralysis
• contralateral
• contralateral sensory deficits
• hemianopia (blindness)
• aphasia (impairment of language - left sided lesion as broca and wernicke’s areas are on the left side of the brain)

Question 29

hemiplegia means?

Answer 29

paralysis

Question 30

if a problem arises with the middle cerebral artery, which would be most likely to be paralysed?

arm or leg

Answer 30

arm

Question 31

what are the symptoms of a lesion in the posterior cerebral artery?

Answer 31

• visual deficits
• visual agnosia (don’t recognise people and things)