Cerebral Vasculature Lecture Flashcards
Label the arteries in this image
- external carotid
- Internal carotid
- vertebral
Label the arteries in the image
Label the sinuses
Where does an extradural bleed occur?
between skull and dura
What causes an extradural bleed?
trauma
What are the clinical effects of an extradural bleed?
raised intracranial pressure, acute onset pain
which type of blood vessel is involved in an extradural bleed?
arteries
where does a subdural bleed occur?
between dura and arachnoid
what causes a subdural bleed?
trauma
what are the clinical effects of a subdural bleed? Why?
delayed onset pain because this bleed is venous, lower pressure and builds up over time
where does the subarachnoid bleed occur?
in the base of the brain, circle of willis
what causes a subdural bleed?
ruptured aneurysms (weaknesses in blood vessel wall)
what type of bleed is an intracerebral bleed?
spontaneous hypertensive
where does an intracerebral bleed occur?
within the brain itself
what causes death in an extra-dural bleed?
increased intracranial pressure, pushing brain on to brainstem and shutting down cardiorespiratory centres
what two things can a stroke be caused by?
thrombo-embolism or haemorrhage
what is a TIA?
transient ischaemic attack
how quickly does a TIA resolve?
within 24 hours
what is the name given to degenerative changes which occur in tissue following occlusion of an artery?
infarction
what is the name given to lack of sufficient blood supply to nervous tissue resulting in permanent damage if blood flow is restored quickly
cerebral ischaemia
what is thrombosis?
formation of a blood clot
what is an embolism?
plugging of a small vessel by material carried from larger vessel eg. thrombi from the heart or atherosclerotic from the internal carotid
what are the risk factors for stroke?
age, hypertension, cardiac disease, smoking, diabetes mellitus, age
label the arteries for each of the perfusion fields
blue - anterior cerebral artery
red - middle cerebral artery
yellow - posterior cerebral artery
blue - anterior cerebral artery
red - middle cerebral artery
yellow - posterior cerebral artery
a problem with the anterior cerebral artery leads to what symptoms?
- paralysis of contralateral structures
- disturbance of intellect, executive function and judgement
- loss of appropriate social behaviour
during a problem with the anterior cerebral artery, paralysis of which structures is greatest?
leg, arm or face?
leg
middle cerebral artery symptoms include
- contralateral paralysis
- contralateral
- contralateral sensory deficits
- hemianopia (blindness)
- aphasia (impairment of language - left sided lesion as broca and wernicke’s areas are on the left side of the brain)
hemiplegia means?
paralysis
if a problem arises with the middle cerebral artery, which would be most likely to be paralysed?
arm or leg
arm
what are the symptoms of a lesion in the posterior cerebral artery?
- visual deficits
- visual agnosia (don’t recognise people and things)
