cerebral vasculature

Question 1

between which two layers are sinuses formed?

Answer 1

between 2 dura layers (outer periosteal and inner meningeal)

Question 2

what procession of vessels does the blood drain through from the brain to the neck (on its way to the heart)

Answer 2

cerebral veins-> dural venous sinuses -> internal jugular vein

Question 3

4 types of brain haemorrhage

Answer 3

extradural, subdural, subarachnoid, intracerebral

Question 4

cause of extradural haemorrhages

Answer 4

trauma

Question 5

does it take long for clinical effects to manifest in extradural haemorrhages and why?

Answer 5

immediate bc they are arterial: high pressure

Question 6

does it take long for clinical effects to manifest in subdural haemorrhages and why?

Answer 6

no because they are venous: low pressure

Question 7

cause of subarachnoid haemorrhages

Answer 7

aneurisms

Question 8

what causes aneurisms?

Answer 8

they are a developmental abnormality

Question 9

intracerebral haemorrhage cause

Answer 9

spontaneous hypertensive

Question 10

What is the medical term for a stroke?

Answer 10

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Question 11

definition of stroke

Answer 11

1) RAPIDLY DEVELOPING
2) focal (of central importance) disturbance of brain function
3) of presumed vascular nature and
4) over 24 h duration

Question 12

cause/ nature of most strokes (85%)

Answer 12

thromboembolic - blockages

Question 13

cause/ nature of 15% of strokes

Answer 13

haemorrhage

Question 14

what is the difference between a TIA and CVA (stroke)?

Answer 14

a TIA resolves within 24 hours (clot is broken down naturally) whereas a CVA doesn’t

Question 15

what is ischemia in the brain

Answer 15

THE LACK OF BLOOD FLOW to nervous tissue. this leads to permanent damage if the blood flow is not restored quickly

Question 16

what is infarction

Answer 16

DEGENERATIVE CHANGES (dead ground) which occur in tissue following occlusion of an artery

Question 17

What is thrombosis

Answer 17

formation of a blood clot (thrombus)

Question 18

what is embolism

Answer 18

plugging of a small vessel by material carried from a larger vessel (eg thrombi from the heart or atherosclerotic debris from the internal carotid)

Question 19

why is it important to raise awareness on strokes? how do they impact society

Answer 19

major public health issue, 3rd commonest cause of death, 100,000 deaths in uk per year, 50% of survuvors permanentely disabled, 70% obvious neurological defect

Question 20

risk factors of stroke

Answer 20

Age (general wear and tear on vascular system)
Hypertension (spontaneous bleeds and ruptured vessels)
Cardiac disease (anything involving disturbed blood flow)
Smoking
Diabetes mellitus (because they are vascular risk factors)

Question 21

most common type of occlusive stroke (which artery is occluded)

Answer 21

middle cerebral artery occlusion

Question 22

what vessels provide the primary motor cortex with blood

Answer 22

middle cerebrla and anterior cerebral arteries

Question 23

symptoms of anterior cerebral artery blockage

Answer 23

1) paralysis of contralateral leg> arm
2) disturbance of intellect, executive function and judgement (abulia)
3) loss of appropriate social behaviour

Question 24

middle cerebral artery occlusion symptoms

Answer 24

1) contralateral hemiplegia: arm> leg
2) contralateral hemisensory (feeling altered sensation) deficits
3) hemianopia
4) aphasia

Question 25

posterior cerebral artery occlusion symptoms

Answer 25

1) homonymous hemianopia (loss of vision on both eyes: same field)
2) visual agnosia (cant recognise faces)