cerebral cortex Flashcards
what are the two ways in which we microscopically organise
the cerebral cortex?
layers and columns
what are layers?
numbers: outermost= 1
what are columns?
colours
what is cytoarchitecture?
based on 1) cell size 2) spacing or packing density 3) layers
what are the lobes
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital,
frontal lobe roles? 5
attention, memory, cognitive functions, language, motor function
parietal lobe role specific?
1) sensory aspects of language
2) sensation
3) spatial orientation and self- perception
temporal lobe roles?
auditory, memory, EMOTIONS
where is the limbic lobe?
not a specific location
what structures does the limbic lobe include?
amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, MAMILLARY body
what is the green highlighted thing on slide 11 (like an arch surrounding midbrain)
cingulate gyrus
(nottt limbic lobe although that’s the name of the slide)
where is the insular cortex?
deep within lateral fissure (think of: insulation: mesa mesa ehe monosi)
role of insular cortex
1) visceral sensations and interoception
2) autonomic control (heart I think ect)
3) visual- vestibular integration
Differences between fissure and sulcus
1) fissure is larger
2) if you open fissure there’s smith else inside - sulcus is surface
what does grey matter consist of?
glial cells and cell bodies
what does white matter consist of?
myelinated neuronal axons
is white or grey matter outermost in brain + spinal cord?
brain: grey, spinal cord: white
what are the bundles of nerve axons called in white matter?
tracts
what is the plane of the section slicing from front of the eyes back? (3 synonyms)
axial, horizontal, transverse
what do white matter tracts do?
connect cortical AREAS
what are the general categories of white matter tracts?
1) association fibres, 2) commissural fibres 3) projection fibres
role of association fibres?
connect AREAS within a hemisphere
role of commissural fibres?
connect homologous structures between the two hemispheres
role of projection fibres?
connect cortex to lower brain structures (ex hypothalamus, spinal cord, brain stem)
2 examples of commissural fibres?
corpus callosum, anterior commissure
2 categories of association fibres
short and long
Dif between short and long association fibres
short: within same lobe long: between lobes (remember tho: association fibres: within same hemisphere)
the 4 LONG association fibre tracts
superior longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus , inferior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus
what does the superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?
frontal and occipital lobes
what does the arcuate fasciculus connect?
frontal and temporal lobes
what does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus connect?
temporal and occipital lobes
what does the uncinate fasciculus connect
anterior frontal and temporal lobes
(remember the weird name is the weird connection with the orange
on slide 16 that looked like short)
predictability of function of primary vs secondary (association) cortices
primary more predictable
organisation of primary vs secondary (association) cortices
topographical in primary vs not topographical in secondary
left- right hemisphere symmetry of primary vs secondary (association) cortices
primary: symmetrical, secondary: weaker symmetry
function of primary motor cortex
controls fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements.
which lobe is the motor cortex in?
frontal lobe
what kind of signals does primary motor cortex give and through what tract?
descending through corticospinal tract
role of supplementary motor cortex
planning complex movements internally cued (like seeing an object and reaching for it)
function of premotor area
involved in planning externally cued movements (responding to something that you’ve heard or seen)
remember: pre: before you go in; out!!
in which lobe are the somatosensory cortices?
parietal
primary somatosensory role
processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body (e.g. fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception, pain and temperature.
(senses of what ur touching)
somatosensory association function
INTERPRETING significance of sensory info: recognising an object at hand
awareness of self and personal space
primary visual cortex role
process visual stimuli
visual association centre role
interpret visual stimuli and gives meaning
what lobe is the auditory cortices in?
temporal lobe
primary auditory role
process auditory stimuli
auditory association role
gives meaning and interpret
brocas area what is it and role
an other association area production of language: expressing yourself
wernicke’s area what is it and role
another association centre understanding of language
prefrontal cortex role (PPAAD)
(think of them as a story/ linked terms:)
attention->
planning- >
decision making->
personality expression-> adjusting osial behaviour
what may happen after lesion in right hemisphere in parietal lobe? what is the phenomenon called?
contralateral neglect, lack of awareness of self and extrapersonal space on left side
temporal lobe lesions consequences and term used
inability to recognise, agnosia
what happened to HM after removal of anterior medial temporal lobe and what’s the term?
can’t men new memories, anterograde amnesia. ( new: ananeosi: anterograde)
is it lesion on brocas or wernickes area when someone wants to say 2 books on the table they say book book table?
brocas
is it lesion on brocas or wernickes area when someone speaks but says random words?
wenicke’s (bc they don’t understand but can produce speech)
what does the arcuate fasciculus connect?
brocas to wernickes area
lesion in which cortex leads to prosopagnosia (face blindness)?
visual association
PET scans provide images based on what?
blood flow directly to a brain region
fMRIs provide images based on what?
amount of OXYGEN in blood in a brain region
what does electroencephalography measure? (eeg)
Measures electrical signals produces by the brain
what do EEG and MEG stand for
electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography
what does Magnetoencephalography – (MEG) measure?
Measures magnetic signals produces by the brain
what kind of signals are electrical and magnetic signals?
event related/ evoked potentials (see signals in responce to perceiving an event)
what is DTI
diffusion tensor imaging
how does DTI work
based on diffusion of water molecules
