Cerebral pathology

Question 1

1.What is an infarct.Explain the significance of a TIA.(205)

Answer 1

Question 2

Discuss the epidemiology, aetiology/risk factors, symptoms or signsv vacular territories gommonly affected, investigation and management for stroke/ TIA.(205)

Answer 2

NOTE also:Certain symptoms are common across most ischemic stroke, including: vision problems, such as blindness in one eye or double vision. weakness or paralysis in your limbs, which may be on one or both sides, depending on the affected artery(can happen.

The main symptoms of stroke can be remembered with the word FAS(more commonly happens):

• Face – the face may have dropped on 1 side, the person may not be able to smile, or their mouth or eye may have dropped.
• Arms – the person with suspected stroke may not be able to lift both arms and keep them there because of weakness or numbness in 1 arm.
• Speech – their speech may be slurred or garbled, or the person may not be able to talk at all despite appearing to be awake; they may also have problems understanding what you’re saying to them.
• Time – it’s time to dial 999 immediately if you see any of these signs or symptoms.

TIA Sx can also be remembered with acronym FAST.

Question 3

Discuss the presentation of stroke according to vascular territory affected(npr)(205-206)

Answer 3

Question 4

Discuss the epidemiology, aetiology/risk factors, symptoms or signs of the different types of haemorrhage.(206)

Answer 4

.Charcot- bouchard microaneurysms rupturing leads to intraparenchymal haemorrhages.Signs and symptoms of a intraparenchymal hemorrhage often include headaches, seizures, and focal neurological deficits, such as speech, vision, and hearing problems. The severity and type of symptoms may depend on the location of the bleed within the brain. Other common signs include nausea and vomiting, lethargy, limb weakness, and sensory defects, such as numbness of the face and limbs. If the bleed is large, individuals may experience impaired consciousness.

In severe cases, brain damage may lead to physical or mental disability.

Question 5

List the different types of traumatic parenchymal injury(206-207)

Answer 5

A contusion is another way to say bruise and is the bleeding of the minor veins and capilaries just below the skin due to localized trauma. A concussion refers to more widespread brain trauma from a blow to the head or swift shaking. Many assume that a concussion is just a more severe form of a contusion, but that is not the case.Concussion may or many not lead to haemorrhage causeing mor elasting effects

Question 6

Discuss the different causes of ICP and the significance of ICP(207)

Answer 6

Image is a little confusing so CORRECTION: ICP causes brain herniation

Question 7

List the six types of brain herniation(NPR)(207)

Answer 7

Question 8

List the different causes of bacterial meningitis for different ages in children(npr)(207)

Answer 8

Question 9

List different types of viral meningitis(207)

Answer 9

Question 10

Discuss different causes of meniingitis(207)

Answer 10

Question 11

Discuss the csf features for different types of meningitis(geeky medics)

Answer 11

Pattern to help recall:

Apart from viral meningitis, all of them have:

• Opening pressure: elevated
• WBC: elevated
• Glucose level: low
• Protein level: elevated

In viral meningitis, glucose level is ‘normal’ and opening pressure is ‘normal or elevated’

Just rote learn appearance

Question 12

Discuss aetiology of viral encephalitis(207)

Answer 12

Question 13

Discuss aetiology,clinical features and epidemiology of secondary and primary tumours(208)

Answer 13

Sx of brain tumours:

• New onset or change in pattern of headaches
• Headaches that gradually become more frequent and more severe
• Unexplained nausea or vomiting
• Vision problems, such as blurred vision, double vision or loss of peripheral vision
• Gradual loss of sensation or movement in an arm or a leg
• Difficulty with balance
• Speech difficulties
• Feeling very tired
• Confusion in everyday matters
• Difficulty making decisions
• Inability to follow simple commands
• Personality or behavior changes
• Seizures, especially in someone who doesn’t have a history of seizures
• Hearing problems

Question 14

Recall different important buzz word for important CNS tumours(208)

Answer 14

Question 15

List the different CNS tumours and their classifications(NPR & CC)(208)

Answer 15

Question 16

List the different Familial syndromes associated with CNS tumours and the CNS tumours they are associated with (208,209)

Answer 16