Cerebral Hemispheres: Superficial Structures

Question 1

separates the precentral gyrus (motor) from the postcentral gyrus (sensory). Continues on to the medial surface separating the rostral paracentral lobule (motor) from the caudal paracentral lobule (sensory).

Answer 1

Central sulcus

Question 2

separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

Answer 2

Lateral fissure

Question 3

insular cortex lies deep in the ___________

Answer 3

lateral fissure

Question 4

located anterior to the central sulcus and referred to as the “executive” lobe. Contains the primary motor cortex, premotor and supplementary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, the motor speech cortex, and the olfactory association cortex. Sits in anterior fossa.

Answer 4

Frontal lobe

Question 5

Frontal lobe referred to as “____” lobe

Answer 5

executive

Question 6

located posterior to the central sulcus and extends posteriorly to the occipito-temporal fissure and an imaginary line from the occipito-temporal fissure to the preoccipital notch. Consists of the postcentral gyrus, superior and inferior parietal lobules, and the cuneus.

Answer 6

Parietal lobe

Question 7

Located posterior to the occipito-temporal fissure and an imaginary line from the occipito-temporal fissure to the preoccipital notch. Sits above tentorium cerebelli.

Answer 7

Occipital lobe

Question 8

Consists of temporal gyri (superior, middle, inferior), occcipio-temporal gyri, parahippocampal gyrus, and the hippocampal formation from which the fornix arises. Sits in middle (cerebral) fossa.

Answer 8

Temporal lobe

Question 9

– responsible for initiating the motor/behavioral responses to the information collected

Answer 9

frontal lobe (executive)

Question 10

shape, form, texture, color, moving or not moving - connects with the prefrontal cortex and temporal/occipital cortex to tell events that are occurring

Answer 10

parietal/occipital lobe (where)

Question 11

connects to the parietal/occipital cortex, prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus (memory) and amygdala (emotion) to tell what is occurring

Answer 11

temporal/occipital lobe (what)

Question 12

Frontal lobe contains what cortices (6)

Answer 12

Contains the primary motor cortex, premotor and supplementary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, the motor speech cortex, and the olfactory association cortex.

Question 13

Primary motor cortex

Answer 13

Precentral gyrus (area 4) - lateral
Anterior paracentral lobule (area 4) - medial

Question 14

– located on the medial surface with the rostral portion being primary motor cortex and the caudal portion being primary sensory cortex.

Answer 14

paracentral lobule

Question 15

precentral gyrus organization

Answer 15

motor homunculus
somatotopic organization; head and neck toward lateral fissure (down) with more innervation, hand in the middle, lower extremity on the medial surface with less

Question 16

Inferior frontal gyrus contains

Answer 16

motor speech area (Broca’s)

Question 17

Middle frontal gyrus contains

Answer 17

premotor and supplementary motor cortex, and prefrontal cortex; caudal portion contains the **voluntary motor eyefields

Question 18

superior frontal gyrus contains

Answer 18

contains premotor and supplementary motor cortex, and prefrontal cortex

Question 19

premotor area function

Answer 19

motor programming or indirect motor movement control

Question 20

premotor area locatoin

Answer 20

anterior to motor cortex

Question 21

supplementary motor area (motor programming, micturation control center) location

Answer 21

medial continuation of premotor area (anterior to paracentral lobule)

Question 22

Frontal eye fields (control voluntary eye movements) location

Answer 22

caudal middle/superior frontal gyri

Question 23

Function: Attention, motivation (apathy, ambition, sense of responsibility), planning, problem solving, control of behavior, social skills, emotional behavior, working memory (short-term or intermediate memory)

Answer 23

Prefrontal cortex (dorsolateral*, dorsomedial, orbitofrontal)

Question 24

Function: Programming (formulation of speech)

Answer 24

Inferior frontal gyrus (opercular/triangular) – left side (Broca’s area – areas 44, 45)

Question 25

Broca's area numbers

Answer 25

44,45

Question 26

Function: Language expression (prosody of speech)

Answer 26

Inferior frontal gyrus (opercular/triangular) – right side (Broca’s area) – expression (on right side, like emphasis, whispering, etc)

Question 27

Primary sensory cortex location

Answer 27

``` Postcentral gyrus (areas 3,1,2) Posterior paracentral lobule (areas 3,1,2) ```

Question 28

Primary sensory cortex organization

Answer 28

Sensory homunculus | face on outside down up to UE, then to leg --> genitals inside (very innervated)

Question 29

Function: somatosensory association (differentiation of structures)

Answer 29

Superior parietal lobe (areas 5,7), precuneus (medial surface of superior pareital lobule)

Question 30

Function: multimodal association (integration of somatosensory, vision, auditory information)

Answer 30

inferior parietal lobule

Question 31

medial surface of superior parietal lobule =

Answer 31

precuneus (somatosensory association)

Question 32

analytical skills where

Answer 32

LEFT posterior parietal lobule

Question 33

visuospatial orientation skills where

Answer 33

RIGHT posterior parietal lobule

Question 34

Primary visual cortex location

Answer 34

calcarine cortex (17) in occipital lobe

Question 35

Visual association cortex location

Answer 35

lateral, medial and inferior occipital gyri (18,19)

Question 36

above calcarine fissure

Answer 36

cuneus (occipital lobe) = lower visual field

Question 37

below calcarine fissure

Answer 37

lingual gyrus (occipital lobe) = upper visual field

Question 38

involuntary cortical eye fields (pursuit) location

Answer 38

lateral occipital gyri (18,19)

Question 39

auditory association cortex location

Answer 39

Superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area - 22)

Question 40

Memory storage where

Answer 40

middle and inferior temporal gyri (temporal lobe)

Question 41

transverse temporal gyri

Answer 41

superior surface of superior temporal gyrus and covered by frontal/parietal lobes (opercula) = primary auditory cortex Heschl's (41,42)

Question 42

primary auditory cortex location

Answer 42

transverse temporal gyri superior surface of superior temporal gyrus and covered by frontal/parietal lobes (opercula) Heschl's (41,42)

Question 43

Function: integrates visceral input (olfactory, gustatory, general sensory)

Answer 43

long and short insular gyri

Question 44

– located inferior to the rostrum of the corpus callosum; serves as one component of the limbic lobe and system.

Answer 44

subcallosal area

Question 45

located in the rostral portion of the parahippocampal gyrus; contains the amygdaloid nucleus that is involved with emotional memory.

Answer 45

uncus

Question 46

function: Part of limbic lobe (system); rostral portion serves as primary olfactory area; hippocampal formation located medially

Answer 46

Parahippocampal gyrus

Question 47

areas on either side of calcarine fissure = | function

Answer 47

lungual gyrus, cuneus = primary visual cortex occipital lobe

Question 48

5 parts of limbic lobe

Answer 48

subcallosal area, cingulate gyrus, isthmus of cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampal formation - forms ring of tissue around medial surface of cerebral hemisphere. Connect neocortex and hippocampal formation.

Question 49

separates two lateral ventricles

Answer 49

septum pellucidum

Question 50

connects lateral and third ventricles

Answer 50

interventricular foramen (of monro)

Question 51

connects temporal lobes of two hemispheres

Answer 51

anterior commissure

Question 52

rostral end of developing CNS

Answer 52

lamina terminalis

Question 53

separates parietal/occipital lobes (cuneus from precuneus) on medial surface

Answer 53

parieto-occipital sulcus/fissure

Question 54

corpus callosum

Answer 54

connects 2 cerebral hemispheres

Question 55

part of the limbic system - connects hippocampal formation to septal area and mammilary nucleus

Answer 55

fornix

Question 56

thalamus, hypothalamus, optic nerve, mammillary body, posterior commissure, pineal gland and third ventricle -->

Answer 56

diencephalon

Question 57

function: sensory, motor and association nuclei

Answer 57

thalamus

Question 58

function: regulation of pituitary gland and ANS

Answer 58

hypothalamus

Question 59

function: part of limbic circuit, termination of fornix and beginning of mammillothalamic tract

Answer 59

mammillary body

Question 60

function: melatonic

Answer 60

pineal gland

Question 61

function: connects pretectal area; involved in visual reflexes

Answer 61

posterior commissure

Question 62

part of the prefrontal cortex and involved as the olfactory association cortex.

Answer 62

orbital gyri of frontal lobe

Question 63

olfactory nerves synapse where

Answer 63

olfactory bulb

Question 64

primary olfactory cortex

Answer 64

rostral portion of parahippocampal gyrus/uncus

Question 65

olfactory association cortex

Answer 65

orbital gyri of frontal lobe

Question 66

primary visual cortex

Answer 66

calcarine cortex (lingual gyrus and cuneus) of occipital lobe

Question 67

The inability to understand or recognize the significance of sensory stimuli, although the sensory pathways and the primary sensory cortex are intact. Therefore, the lesion is related to cortical association areas (cerebrum)(somesthetic, visual, auditory).

Answer 67

agnosia

Question 68

The inability to carry out a motor action in response to a verbal (written) request in the absence of paresis/paralysis, sensory abnormality, comprehension deficit, or disturbance of coordination (ataxia). Generally associated with the dominant cerebral hemisphere (left).

Answer 68

Apraxia

Question 69

A defect in language processing caused by brain lesions, not caused by mental deficits, disturbances in sense organs, or paralysis of muscles for speech; develop as a consequence of lesions in the dominant cerebral hemisphere; most cases are caused by stroke, head injury, cerebral tumors, or degenerative dementia such as Alzheimer's disease.

Answer 69

aphasia