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Neurology > Cerebral Hemispheres > Flashcards

Cerebral Hemispheres Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general features of the brain?

A
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2
Q

Describe the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Two cerebral hemispheres left and right separated by the median longitudinal fissure and connected by the corpus callosum.

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3
Q

List the brains lobes?

A

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe

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4
Q

Whats the borders of the Frontal lobe?

A

Central and lateral sulcus

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5
Q

Whats the borders of the parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus

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6
Q

Whats the borders of the temporal lobe?

A

Lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure)

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7
Q

Whats the borders of the occipital lobe?

A

Parietooccipital sulcus
Lateral sulcus

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8
Q

Describe the position of gyrus proximal to the central sulcus?

A

Precentral gyrus is anterior
Postcentral gyrus is posterior

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9
Q

What borders the frontal and parietal lobe to the corpus callosum?

A

Cingulate sulcus (and gyrus)

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9
Q

What borders the frontal and parietal lobe to the corpus callosum?

A

Cingulate sulcus (and gyrus)

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10
Q

Where is the hippocampus found?

A

Found deep in temporal lobe

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11
Q

Describe the surface landmarks of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Frontal lobe:

  • Superior frontal gyrus
  • Middle frontal gyrus
  • Inferior frontal gyrus

Parietal lobe:

  • Superior parietal lobule
  • Inferior parietal lobule

Temporal lobe:

  • Superior temporal gyri
  • Middle temporal gyri
  • Inferior temporal gyri
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12
Q

Where is insula located?

A

If you cut away the frontal and parietal lobe and look at a supero-lateral view you can see it.

Also can be seen alongside the transverse temporal gyri (Heschl’s conculations)

The insula has familiar shape to seahorse

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13
Q

What is cortical mapping?

A

Made is 1906
By K Brodmann

Microscopic variations in different parts of the cortex

Mosaic map of the cortex with 52 areas called Brodmann Areas

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14
Q

What are the functional areas of cortex?

A

Frontal lobe: Motor function, intellect

Parietal lobe: Somatosensory

Temporal lobe: Hearing and Smell

Occiptal: Vision

Medial portion of the cerebral hemisphere (limbic system) : Storage and retrieval of processed information

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15
Q

Explain the areas in the Frontal lobe

A

Motor
Area 4 found at precentral gyrus is the primary motor cortex with somatotopic representation of contralateral half of body (motor homunculus)

Area 44,45 found at inferior frontal gyrus is the Broca’s area of motor speech

Prefontal cortex is responsible for cognitive functions of higher order such as intellect, judgment, prediction and planning

16
Q

Explain what Motor and Sensory Homuncolus are?

A

Motor cortec (precentral gyrus):
Font to back
Swallowing
Tongue
Jaw
Lips
Face
Eye
Brow
Neck
Thumb
Fingers
Hand
Wrist
Elbow
Arm
Shoulder
Trunk
Hip
Knee
Toes

Somatic sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
Back to front:
Intra-abdominal
Pharynx
Tongue
Jaw
Gums
Teeth
Lips
Face
Nose
Eye
Thumb
Fingers
Hand
Forearm
Elbow
Arm
Head
Neck
Trunk
Hip
Leg
Genital

17
Q

Explain the function of the Parietal lobe?

A

Somatosensory

  • Post central gyrus: Areas 3,1,2 is the Primary sensory area. It recieves general sensations from contralateral half of body. Has Somatotopic representation (sensory homunculus)
  • Superior parietal lobule: Interpretation of general sensory information (sensory association area) and conscious awareness of contralateral half of body
  • Inferior parietal lobule: Interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas. In dominant hemisphere, contributes to language functions
18
Q

What are the clinical findings of Parietal lobe lesion?

A

Causes
Hemisensory neglect
Right-left agnosia
Acalculia
Agraphia

19
Q

Explain the areas of the temporal lobe?

A

Responsible for Hearing and smell

  • Superior Temporal gyrus - Primary auditory cortex - Areas 41, 42. (Heschl’s convulations)
  • Auditory association areas- Posterior to 41,42. In dominant hemisphere - Wernicke’s area. Crucial for understanding of spoken word. Has connnections with other language areas
  • Inferior surface- recieves fibres from olfactory tract- conscious appreciation of smell
20
Q

Explain the areas of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

  • On the medial surface of the occipital lobe, on either side of the calcarine sulcus is the primary visual cortex found in area 17
  • The rest of the occipital lobe is the visual association cortex (areas 18,19) concenred with interpretation of visual images
21
Q

Explain the areas of the limbic lobe?

A

Functional area

  • The medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere has areas which together form a functional limbic lobe involved in memory and emotional aspects of behaviour
  • It includes the cingulate gyrus, the hippocampus (medial aspect of temporal lobe), parahippocampal gyrus, and the amygala ( subcortical grey matter close to temporal pole)
22
Q

Explain the language area of the brain?

A
  • Brochas area is the motor speech area
  • Wernicke’s area is the auditory association area necessary for recognition of the spoken work. Is in the dominated hemisphere
  • Aphasia; problem with speech due to damage to one or more speech areas in brain
23
Q

Explain Broca’s aphasia?

A

“walk dog”

Understand speech misses small words

Awareness of difficulties in speech

Damage to frontal lobe

Weakness/paralysis of one side of body

24
Q

Explain Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

“You know that smoodle pinkered & that I want to get him round & him like you want before”

Fluent speech, with new meaningless words, can’t understand speech, doesn’t know of mistakes

Damage to temporal lobe

No paralysis

25
Q

Describe white matter?

A

3 types of myelinated axon fibres bundles into tracts

  1. Commisural fibres connect corresponding areas of the two hemispheres. (Corpus callosum)
  2. Association fibres connect one part of the cortex with the other. They may be short or long
  3. Projection fibres run between the cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres. They pass through the corona radiata and the internal capsule
26
Q

Describe 3D cerebral tractography

A

Tractography is a recent 3D modelling technique that maps functional white matter tracts using data collected using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Based on symmetry of brain water diffusion, this method offers visually stunning in vivo localisation of short and medium-length neural tracts, which was previously impossible

27
Q

Describe the internal capsule?

A
  • The internal capsule is made up of projection fibres passing to and from the cerebral cortex
  • It is narrow area between the thalamus and caudat nucleus medially and the lentiform nucleus laterally.
  • It derives blood supply from the middle cerebral artery and is frequently affected in a stroke
28
Q

Explain the Basal Ganglia?

A
  • Subcortical nuclei (collection of neuronal cell bodies- grey matter) deep within each cerebral hemisphere
  • Made up of the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
  • Substantia nigra in midbrain is functionally part of them though not anatomically
29
Q

Explain the individual basal ganglia?

A
  • The one with the tail - Caudate
  • The putamen - (which actually means the hard shell)
  • The ahrd shell + the globe form a lens like structure - the Lentiform nucleus
  • The black substance - Substantia nigra ( this lies in the midbrain)
  • The subthalamic nucleii
30
Q

Topographic Anatomy of the brain

A
  • The caudate nucleus starts as a large head medial to the internal capsule, a body and a slender curving tail which follows the curve of the lateral ventricle.
  • Lateral to the internal capsule is the lentiform nucleus made up of the putamen laterally and globus pallidus medially.
  • Lying in the wall of the lateral ventricle is the caudate nucleus
  • Lying beside the third ventricle is the thalamus (diencephalon)
  • Lateral to the caudate and thalamus lies the internal capsule
  • Lateral to the internal capsule is the lentiform nucleus made up of the globus medially and putamen laterally
31
Q

Explain the Connections of Basal Ganglia

A
  1. The caudate nucleus and the putamen are the ‘input regions’ receiving input from the motor cortex, premotor cortex, and from thalamus.
  2. They are in turn connected to the output regions – the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra.
  3. The globus pallidus then projects primarily to the thalamus (which inturn sends fibres to motor area of cortex)
32
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A
  • The major function of the basal ganglia is to help regulate initiation and termination of movements.
  • Because they play a role in controlling the motor system they are often referred to as the “extrapyramidal system”
  • Pathology: Parkinson’s, chorea, athetosis etc.
33
Q

Summary

A
  • Cerebral hemispheres – outer grey matter, inner white matter, deep in the white matter- basal ganglia (grey matter).
  • Median longitudinal fissure separates 2 lobes, corpus callosum connects.Central sulcus, lateral sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus.
  • Frontal lobe – thinking, motor cortex, Broca’s speech area.
  • Parietal lobe – sensory
  • Temporal lobe – Auditory, Wernicke’s area (language), smell.
  • White matter – association, commisural & projection fibres.
  • Basal ganglia – control movement by connecting to motor cortex .(Starting and stopping of movements).

Neurology (12 decks)

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