Cerebral Cortex

Question 0

What is the purpose of the gyri and sulci in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 0

Help increase surface area of the brain and allow more neurons to be compacted into a smaller cranial space

Question 1

What are the four hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Answer 1

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Question 2

What does the lateral sulcus separate?

Answer 2

Temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 3

What does the central sulcus separate?

Answer 3

Frontal and parietal lobes

Question 4

What does the (median) longitudinal fissure separate?

Answer 4

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 5

What are the two divisions of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 5

Cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 6

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 6

Cognition, memory, language, perception, and control of complex movement

Question 7

What does the longitudinal fissure divide?

Answer 7

Two cerebral hemispheres

Question 8

What does the transverse fissure divide?

Answer 8

Cerebrum from the cerebellum

Question 9

What does the lateral (sylvian) fissure divide?

Answer 9

Temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 10

What are the three main arteries associated with the cerebral cortex?

Answer 10

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), and posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

Question 11

What does the ACA supply?

Answer 11

Cortex and anterior medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 12

What does the MCA supply?

Answer 12

Cortex superior to the sylvian fissure, internal capsule, globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate (structures of basil ganglia)

Question 13

What does the PCA supply?

Answer 13

Midbrain, occipital lobe, and portions of the medial and inferior temporal lobes

Question 14

What do the ventricles contain?

Answer 14

CSF

Question 15

How many ventricles do we have in the brain and where are they located?

Answer 15

Four…
(1 and 2) Lateral ventricles - one in each cerebral hemisphere
(3) Third ventricle - located in the diencephalon
(4) Fourth ventricle - surrounded by the pons, medulla, and cerebellum

Question 16

What is the flow of the lateral ventricles ?

Answer 16

Lateral ventricles flow into the 3rd ventricle via the interventricular foramen

Question 17

What is the flow of the 3rd ventricle?

Answer 17

3rd ventricle flows into the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aquaduct

Question 18

What is the third ventricle?

Answer 18

Slit like cavity between the right and left halves of the diencephalon

Question 19

Where is the CSF?

Answer 19

Produced in the choroid plexus

Question 20

Where does the CSF flow after the 4th ventricle?

Answer 20

To subarachnoid space through the foramina of Lushka and Magendie and then from the subarachnoid space up to the arachnoid granulations and reabsorbed into the bloodstream

Question 21

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 21

Memory formation, emotions, decision making/reasoning, personality, and movement

Question 22

What are the five major functional regions of the frontal lobe?

Answer 22

Motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, Broca’s area, and the prefrontal cortex

Question 23

What is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 23

Area of voluntarily controlled movements (where movement starts) - aka motor homunculus

Question 24

What are the functions of the supplementatry motor area?

Answer 24

Motor planning (initiation of movement), stores motor programs (ex: walking), directs activity of the PMC, and orientation of the eyes and head

Question 25

What is the function of the premotor area?

Answer 25

Controls trunk and girdle muscles and stabilizes the shoulders during upper limb tasks and the hips during walking

Question 26

What is the function of Broca's area?

Answer 26

Planning movement of the mouth during speech and grammatical aspects of language

Question 27

Where is Broca's area usually located?

Answer 27

Left hemisphere

Question 28

What is the function of the area analagous to Broca's?

Answer 28

Plans nonverbal communication (emotional gestures and tone of voice)

Question 29

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 29

Senses and intergrates sensations, spatial awareness, and proprioception

Question 30

What are the three cortical regions of the parietal lobe?

Answer 30

Primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory (parietal) association cortex, and the primary gustatory cortex

Question 31

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)?

Answer 31

Processes tactile and proprioceptive information

Question 32

What is the function of the somatosensory association cortex?

Answer 32

Integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space and assists with visuo-motor coordination

Question 33

What is the function of the primary gustatory cortex?

Answer 33

Interpretation of the sensation of taste

Question 34

What are the four primary sensory areas of the cortex?

Answer 34

Primary somatosensory, primary auditory, primary visual, and primary vestibular

Question 35

Where are the motor and sensory homunculus located in relation to the central sulcus?

Answer 35

Motor - anterior to central sulcus | Sensory - posterior to central sulcus

Question 36

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 36

Vision and visual stimuli

Question 37

What are the two cortical regions of the occipital lobe?

Answer 37

Primary visual cortex and the visual association area

Question 38

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

Answer 38

Sight - recognition of size, color, light, motion, and dimensions

Question 39

What is the function of the visual association area?

Answer 39

Interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex

Question 40

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 40

Hearing, organization/comprehension of language, and information retrieval (memory)

Question 41

What are the temporal lobe structures?

Answer 41

Primary auditory cortex, inferotemporal cortex, primary olfactory cortex, wernicke's area, amygdala, and the hippocampus

Question 42

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

Answer 42

White matter tract that connects Broca's area to Wernicke's aread and allows for coordination and comprehensible speech

Question 43

What is the insular lobe?

Answer 43

Fifth cerebral lobe - involved in taste processing

Question 44

What are the six layers of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 44

Molecular layer, external granular layer, external pyramidal layer, internal granular layer, internal pyramidal layer, and multiform layer

Question 45

What layer of the cerebral cortex is the PMC located?

Answer 45

Layer V - Internal pyramidal layer

Question 46

What layer of the cerebral cortex is the primary visual cortex located?

Answer 46

Layer IV - internal granular layer

Question 47

What are the two types of pyramidal cells?

Answer 47

Betz cells and dendritic spines

Question 48

What are the two types of nonpyramidal cells?

Answer 48

Fusiform cells and stellate cells

Question 49

What are the two types of hemispheral connections?

Answer 49

Association fibers - arise in same hemisphere | Commisural fibers - arise in contralateral hemisphere

Question 50

What type of fibers does the corpus callosum have?

Answer 50

Commissural fibers

Question 51

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 51

Bundle of axons that connects the two sides of the cerebrum

Question 52

What are the three subcortical structures?

Answer 52

Thalamus, limbic system, and hippocampus