cerebellum

Question 1

what fissure subdivides the cerebellum into the anterior and posterior lobes?

Answer 1

primary fissure

Question 2

what fissure subdivides the cerebellum into the flocculonodular lobe?

Answer 2

posterolateral fissure

Question 3

name the regions of the cerebellum medial to lateral

Answer 3

vermis, intermediate part (paravermis), lateral

Question 4

the lateral regions on each side of the vermis in the cerebellum are called what?

Answer 4

cerebellar hemispheres

Question 5

spinocerebellum is composed of what region(s)?

Answer 5

the paravermis and vermis

Question 6

cerebrocerebellum is composed of what region(s)?

Answer 6

lateral hemisphere

Question 7

vestibulocerebellum is composed of what region(s)?

Answer 7

flocculonodular lobe

Question 8

the anterior lobe of the cerebellum is supplied by what?

a) PICA
b) AICA
c) superior cerebellar artery
d) ACA

Answer 8

c) superior cerebellar artery

Question 9

the posterior lobe of the cerebellum is supplied by what?

a) AICA
b) ACA
c) superior cerebellar artery
d) PICA

Answer 9

d) PICA

Question 10

the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum is supplied by what?

a) ACA
b) PICA
c) AICA
d) superior cerebellar artery

Answer 10

c) AICA

Question 11

the three cerebellar peduncles are called what?

Answer 11

1. Superior cerebellar peduncles
2. Middle cerebellar peduncles
3. Inferior cerebellar peduncles

Question 12

inferior cerebellar peduncles convey (afferent or efferent) fibers carrying (non-conscious or conscious) proprioception to cerebellum from three places.

Answer 12

afferent, non-conscious

Question 13

what three locations do the afferent fibers in the inferior cerebellar peduncles convey information from and which fibers are used?

Answer 13

1. lower body via posterior spinocerebellar fibers
2. upper body via cuneocerebellar fibers
3. head via vestibulocerebellar fibers

Question 14

describe the path of afferent fibers in the inferior cerebellar peduncles from the lower body

Answer 14

lower body movement triggers a signal to the spinal cord dorsal nucleus of clark which then travels along the pscf to the cerebellar cortex

Question 15

describe the path of afferent fibers in the inferior cerebellar peduncles from the upper body

Answer 15

upper body movement triggers a signal to the brainstem lateral cuneate nucleus which then travels along the cuneocerebellar fibers to the cerebellar cortex

Question 16

describe the path of afferent fibers in the inferior cerebellar peduncles from the inner ear (head)

Answer 16

the inner ear sends a signal to the brainstem vestibular nuclei which then travels along the vestibulocerebellar fibers to the cerebellar cortex

Question 17

describe the path of afferent fibers in the middle cerebellar peduncles from the motor cortex

Answer 17

motor cortex sends a signal via corticopontine fibers to the pontine nuclei, which is relayed to the cerebellar cortex via pontocerebellar fibers

Question 18

middle cerebellar peduncles convey (afferent or efferent) fibers carrying (motor or sensory) signals to cerebellum.

Answer 18

afferent, motor

Question 19

where do the afferent fibers in the middle cerebellar peduncles convey information from and which fibers are used?

Answer 19

from motor cortex, via pontine nuclei and utilizes corticopontine and pontocerebellar fibers

Question 20

how are the layers of the cerebellar cortex organized? what is each made out of?

Answer 20

• layers 1-3 are gray matter
• layer 4 is white matter
• layer 2 is make of purkinje cells

Question 21

the purkinje cell layer in the cerebellar cortex provide what kind of feedback? What are they targeting?

Answer 21

• inhibition
• deep-nuclei neurons

Question 22

Purkinje cell bodies use which inhibitory neurotransmitter ?

Answer 22

GABA

Question 23

the purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex are regulated by which 4 tracts? What kind of fibers do they use (afferent/efferent)

Answer 23

ALL AFFERENT FIBERS from:
- spinocerebellar tract
- cuneocerebellar tract
- vestibulocerebellar tract
- pontocerebellar tract

Question 24

purkinje cell bodies project GABAergic fibers to which layer? This inhibitory projection regulates what?

Answer 24

• cerebellar white matter layer 4
• glutamatergic deep nuclei neurons

Question 25

afferent fibers have cell bodies in what locations and what neurotransmitter is in charge of exciting them?

Answer 25

• brainstem and spinal cord
• glutamate

Question 26

deep-nuclei neurons in the cerebellum integrate ___1.____ and __2.___ signals to regulate __3.__ and __4.___ systems

Answer 26

1/2 - sensory and motor
3/4 -lateral and medial descending motor

Question 27

what are the three deep nuclei neurons in the cerebellum and what specific anatomical subdivisions do they correspond with?

Answer 27

1. dentate nucleus - lateral hemisphere
2. interposed nucleus - paravermis
3. fastigial nucleus - vermis

Question 28

the interposed nucleus neurons in the paravermis integrate what kinds of signals? what do those signals regulate?

Answer 28

1. sensory signals
2. regulate adjustments of ongoing voluntary movements of the extremities in lateral descending motor systems

Question 29

the dentate nucleus neurons in the lateral cerebellar hemisphere integrate what kind of signals? What do those signals regulate?

Answer 29

1. motor signals
2. regulate movement timing and direction in lateral and medial descending motor systems

Question 30

the fastigial nucleus neurons in the vermis integrate what kind of signals? What two things do those signals regulate?

Answer 30

1. sensory signals
2. regulate adjustments of ongoing voluntary movements of the trunk in medial descending motor systems and head position & balance/postural control in medial and lateral descending motor systems

Question 31

a patient comes into the hospital presenting symptoms of dysmetria when performing the finger to nose test and dysdiadochokinesia during the forearm pronation-supination test. What diagnosis would you give them? Where would the potential damage be?

Answer 31

DIAGNOSIS: neocerebellar syndrome

CAUSES: damage to purkinje cells in lateral cerebellar cortex/hemisphere and/or dentate nucleus neurons or vascular lesion/stroke of PICA

Question 32

neocerebellar syndrome affects coordination of (contralateral/ipsilateral) voluntary movements.

Answer 32

ipsilateral

Question 33

a vascular lesion/stroke of the PICA would result in which of the following:

a) neocerebellar syndrome
b) anterior lobe syndrome
c) flocculonodular lobe lesion
d) vertigo

Answer 33

a) neocerebellar syndrome

Question 34

a vascular lesion/stroke of the superior cerebellar arteries would result in which of the following:

a) neocerebellar syndrome
b) anterior lobe syndrome
c) flocculonodular lobe lesion
d) dysmetria

Answer 34

b) anterior lobe syndrome

Question 35

a vascular lesion/stroke of the AICA would result in which of the following:

a) neocerebellar syndrome
b) anterior lobe syndrome
c) flocculonodular lobe lesion
d) dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 35

c) flocculonodular lobe lesion

Question 36

a patient who has a history of alcoholism comes into the ER presenting bilateral deficits in lower trunk and leg muscles. When performing the heel-to-shin test, they present abnormal movements. Where might the damage be and what would be the diagnosis?

Answer 36

CAUSES: loss of purkinje cells in rostral vermis or vascular lesion/stroke to superior cerebellar arteries

DIAGNOSIS: anterior lobe syndrome

Question 37

a patient comes into the ER presenting symptoms of incoordination of back extensor muscles, vertigo, nystagmus but has a normal heel-to-shin test. What diagnosis would this be and where would the potential damage be?

Answer 37

CAUSES: vascular lesion/stroke to AICA or damage to purkinje cells in flocculonodular lobe

DIAGNOSIS: flocculonodular lobe lesion

Question 38

a patient diagnoses with a cerebellar tumor in the right lateral cerebellar hemisphere may exhibit which of the following clinical symptoms?

a) resting tremor on the right side
b) difficulty in keeping his balance
c) dysdiadochokinesia in left upper limb
d) dysmetria in right upper limb

Answer 38

d) dysmetria in right upper limb