basal ganglia

Question 1

describe the afferent connections to the nucleus accumbens, function, and the neurotransmitter involved

Answer 1

• receives afferents from limbic cortex and VTA
• limbic regulation of emotions
• GABA

Question 2

describe the afferent connections to the caudate nucleus , function, and the neurotransmitter involved

Answer 2

• afferents from pfc
• cognitive function and regulation of eye movements
• GABA

Question 3

describe the afferent connections to the putamen, function, and the neurotransmitter involved

Answer 3

• afferents from motor cortex and substantia nigra
• motor function of voluntary movements
• GABA

Question 4

the globus pallidus is divided into which two subdivisions? what neurotransmitter is involved?

Answer 4

• GPe and GPi
• GABA

Question 5

the substantia nigra is divided into which two subdivisions? Which neurotransmitters are involved in each

Answer 5

SN pars compacta- dopamine
SN pars reticulata - GABA

Question 6

the subthalamic nucleus uses what neurotransmitter

Answer 6

glutamate

Question 7

what artery supplies the different parts of the basal ganglia

Answer 7

ACA - head of caudate and nuc accumbens

MCA - GPe/GPi, putamen, and body of caudate

Anterior Choroidal arteries - tail of caudate

PCA - SN and STN

Question 8

the basal ganglia receives (ipsilateral/contralateral) cortical inputs via the internal capsule from which three place?

Answer 8

• ipsilateral
• motor, prefrontal, and limbic cortices

Question 9

the striatum is divided into which three subdivisions

Answer 9

• nucleus accumbens
• caudate nucleus
• putamen

Question 10

in the basal ganglia, which of the following best describes the indirect pathway?

a) putamen - STN - GPi/SNr
b) GPe - STN - GPi/SNr
c) putamen - GPe - STN - GPi/SNr
d) putamen - GPi/SNr - THA

Answer 10

C) putamen - GPe - STN - GPi/SNr

Question 11

in the basal ganglia, which of the following best describes the direct pathway?

a) putamen - STN - GPi/SNr
b) GPe - STN - GPi/SNr
c) putamen - GPe - STN - GPi/SNr
d) putamen - GPi/SNr - THA

Answer 11

d) putamen - GPi/SNr - THA

Question 12

Parkinsons disease:
- etiology
- neuropathology
- symptoms
- pathophysiology

Answer 12

• no identifiable cause/potential GI tract toxin or pathogen/some genetics
• degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in SNc
  -bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, gi dysfunction, sleep changes
• increased inhibition of tha leads to HYPOkinetic disorder

Question 13

Huntingtons Disease:
- etiology
- neuropathology
- symptoms
- pathophysiology

Answer 13

• mutation of Htt causing 36+ CAG repeats
• degeneration of GABA-producing striatal neurons
• chorea, difficulty walking, slurred speech, compulsive behavior, executive function impairments
• decreased inhibition of tha leads to HYPERkinetic disorders

Question 14

Hemiballism:
- etiology
- neuropathology
- symptoms
- pathophysiology

Answer 14

• TBI/Stroke in PCA
• UNILATERAL lesion of glutamate-producings neurons in STN
• involuntary, violent, large amplitude movements of proximal limb CONTRAlateral to lesion
• decreased inhibition of thalamus leads to HYPERkinetic disorders