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UM - Neuro Conditions > Cerebellar Anatomy and Disorders > Flashcards

Cerebellar Anatomy and Disorders Flashcards

Cerebellar anatomy and disorders

1
Q

T or F: Cerebellum contains more neurons than any other brain region

A

True! And it integrates info to performs complex computations

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2
Q

How can you damage the cerebellum

A 
TBI
Stroke
Tumor
Degenerative Disease
Congenital malformation
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3
Q

Where is info transmitted to/from the cerebellum?

A

Via axons in the cerebellar peduncles (Superior, Middle, and Inferior)

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4
Q

What contributes to the large SA of the cerebellum?

A

The in-folding to create the gyri and sulci

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5
Q

What is the role of the Perkinje cell?

A

To take many inputs and consolidate it to one output to the deep nuclei

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6
Q

How many cell types are found in the cerebellum

A

8 cells constructed in a uniform manner

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7
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebellum (per cathy)

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular Lobe

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8
Q

What are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum

A

Vestibular nuclei
Fastigial Nucleus
Interposed Nucleus
Dentate Nucleus

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9
Q

What region(s) of the cerebellum is the vestibulocerebellum associated with?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

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10
Q

What region(s) of the cerebellum is the spinocerebellum associated with?

A

Primarily the vermis and some intermediate (paravermal)

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11
Q

What region(s) of the cerebellum is the neocerebellum associated with?

A

Lateral zone//Outside (cerebellar hemisphere)

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12
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum

A
  • Coord. of eye-head mvmts
  • Equib and balance
  • Axial mvmts & prox. joints for posture, equib. and balance
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13
Q

What are the inputs to the vestibulocerebellum

A

Vestibular apparatus –> Vestibular nuclei –> Flocculonodular lobe

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14
Q

What are the outputs from the vestibulocerebellum

A

Vestibular nuclei –> M&L Vestibulospinal tract (VST)

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15
Q

What are the inputs to the spinocerebellar vermal region

A

Dorsal spinocerebellar, cuneocerebellar and trigeminocerebellar tracts (from trunk and head)
Vestibular nuclei
Tectospinocerebellar tract (Vis and aud from superior and inferior colliculi)

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16
Q

What are the outputs from the spinocerebellar vermal region

A

GROSS MOTOR TRACTS!!!!!!!

a) CMRST (corticomedullary reticulospinal tract)
b) L & M Vestibulospinal tract
c) Anterior CST

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17
Q

What are the functions of the spinocerebellar vermal region

A

GROSS MOTOR MOVEMENTS

  • coord of axial and girdle musc.
  • CPG of Walking
  • t of locomotor mvmt
  • Interlimb coord during locomotion
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18
Q

What are the inputs to the spinocerebellar intermediate zone

A

Dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar from the U/LEs

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19
Q

What are the outputs from the spinocerebellar intermediate zone

A

FINE MOTOR TRACTS!!

  • Rubrospinal tract
  • Lateral CST
  • CPRST (Corticopontine reticulospinal tract)
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20
Q

What tracts are associated w/gross motor movements?

A

Vestibulospinal tract
Anterior CST
CMRST (Corticomedullary reticulospinal tract)

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21
Q

What tracts are associated w/fine motor movements?

A

Rubrospinal tract
Lateral CST
CPRST (Corticopontine reticulospinal tract)

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22
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellar intermediate zone?

A

Coord of distal musc of the extremities (hands and feet)

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23
Q

What are the inputs to the neocerebellum

A

Cerebral cortex (motor, sensory, PMA) –> Pontine nuclei –> neo

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24
Q

What are the outputs from the neocerebellum

A

Dentate nucleus –> VL nuc Thal –> PMA and MI of cerebral cortex

25
Q

What are the functions of the neocerebellum

A
  1. Planning and timing of IPSI vol mvmts
  2. Motor plan of sequential mvmts/progression
  3. Onset, duration, amplitude and rate of mm contraction
26
Q

What part of the cerebellum is responsible for a triphasic EMG of a single joint movement

A

Neocerebellum

27
Q

Overtime, what occurs with a triphasic movement

A

The AG2 disappears after practice

28
Q

What occurs in a triphasic mvmt?

A

AG stimulated, followed by antagonistic correction, followed by second AG2 burst

29
Q

What two parts of the cerebellum function as a comparator?

A

Spino and neocerebellum

30
Q

What is a comparator?

A

It compares the ACTUAL outcomes of the motor program with the INTENDED motor program via simultaneous dispersal of info from cortex to cerebellum and mm and then CORRECTS the movement

31
Q

How long does it take for a correction to occur for the comparators?

A

100-200 ms for the spino and neocerebellum to do the job

32
Q

What two areas of the cerebellum are responsible for mm tone?

A

Vestibulo and spinocerebellum

33
Q

How do the vestibulo and spinocerebellum influence mm tone

A

They excite the gamma motor neurons, so if they are damaged, it leads to hypotonicity

34
Q

What does hypotonicity from the cerebellum present as

A

Reduced extensor tone making it difficult to remain upright against gravity; reduced firmness, reduced tone in PROM

35
Q

What is asthenia

A

A cerebellar dysfunction characterized by generalized weakness or decreased activity and easily fatigued

36
Q

What are intention tremors

A

A cerebellar dysfunction characterized by 3-5 Hz frequency tremors whose amplitude increase as the effector approaches the target

37
Q

What sort of disturbances of posture and balance are seen w/cerebellar dysfunction

A
  • Flexed posture w/wide BOS,

- Poor equib and bal esp proximally & during rapid changes in body position or direction of mvmt

38
Q

What is dysmetria

A

A cerebellar dysfunction characterized by the impaired ability to properly scale movement distance in a 3D world

39
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesia

A

A cerebellar dysfunction characterized by a deficit in coordination b/t agonist-antagonist mm during rapid alternating mvmts resulting in errors in Amplitude and timing

40
Q

What is an ataxic gait

A

Disruption in rhythm of gait, W/ wide BOS, unsteady –> Fall bwkd and to side of lesion

41
Q

What is movement decomposition

A

A cerebellar dysfunction characterized by disrupted sequences in a multi-step task (break down into series of mvmts)

42
Q

What eye mvmts are present w/cerebellar dysfunction

A
  • Gaze-evoked nystagmus
  • Ocular dysmetria w/saccades
  • disrupted smooth pursuit
  • Poor coord of eye-head mvmts
43
Q

What occurs w/speech and mm of speech w/cerebellar dysfunction

A

Dysathria

  • Poor coordination
  • Explosive, staccato speech
44
Q

What happens w/the time-velocity rln as cerebellar dysfunction progresses

A

Mild: Short acceleration, long deceleration

More severe: Long acceleration, short deceleartion

45
Q

What happens w/Forces and F production w/cerebellar dysfunction

A

Delays in production and in force maintenance, indicating the cerebellum plays a role in maintaining a constant force

46
Q

List 12 dysfunctions seen in the cerebellum

A 
1 - Hypotonicity
2 - Asthenia
3 - Intention tremors
4 - Disturbances of posture and balance
5 - Dysmetria
6 - Dysdiadochokinesia
7 - Ataxic gait
8 - Mvmt decomposition
9 - Poor coord. of speech mm
10 - Eye mvmts
11 - assym t-v profiles
12 - Force production
47
Q

What are the 3 main neuropathologies of the cerebellum

A

Fredreich’s ataxia
Stroke
Tumors

48
Q

What % of strokes occur in the cerebellar artery

A

<5%

49
Q

What is the best predictor of recovery post-CVA of the cerebellum

A

If the deep nuclei are NOT involved - if involved = poorer outcome

50
Q

Which portion of the population has tumors in the cerebellum most?

Is this the same as the portion of the population that has the better prognosis?

A

Children

Children have greater prognosis than adults

51
Q

What is the etiology of Fredreich’s Ataxia

A

It is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease

52
Q

What is impacted in Fredreich’s ataxia? (Lesion)

A 
CEREBELLUM
DRG
Dorsal Column
Spinocerebellar tracts (unconscious prop.)
Some CST involv.
53
Q

What is unconscious proprioception?

A

Proprioceptive information that does not go to the cortex

54
Q

What is the onset of Freidreich’s Ataxia?

A

5-15 yo

55
Q

What is the course and prognosis of Freidreich’s Ataxia?

A

Lose ability to walk and confined to WC 10-20 yr post onset w/survival into 60s & 70s (if no heart attack)

56
Q

What are the S/S of Freidreich’s Ataxia

A

Main:

  • *ATAXIA (gait first, arms, then trunk)
  • *Heart disease

other:

  • Clumsiness and intention tremor
  • MM weakness and loss of sensation in extremities
  • Decreased DTRs
  • Easily Fatigued
57
Q

What region of the cerebellum is associated w/the Fastigial nucleus?

A

The output from the spinocerebellar vermal region goes to the fastigial nucleus THEN to CMRST

58
Q

What region of the cerebellum is associated w/the Interposed nuclei?

A

The output from the spinocerebellar intermediate region goes to the interposed nucleus then to the Rubrospinal tract

59
Q

What areas of the cerebellum are associated w/the vestibular nuclei?

A

Vestibulocerebellum (input and output) and the Spinocerebellar vermal region (input and output)

UM - Neuro Conditions (12 decks)

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