Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PED1003 pharmacology > central nervous system L14-16 > Flashcards

central nervous system L14-16 Flashcards

1
Q

Parkinsonism

A

drug/stroke/infection induced symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

motor symptoms of parkinsons

A

resting tremor
muscle rigidity
suppression of voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

post-mortem neuropathology of Parkinson’s

A

loss of DA cell bodies in substantia nigra
(PET images)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pathology of Parkinson’s disease

A

degeneration of DAergic neurones of nigrostriatal tract
therefore loss of DA transmission in striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

parkinsonism pathology

A

any condition in which DA transmission is lost in striatum via D2
pharmacological blockade/ brain lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 dopamine pathways in brain

A

nigrostriatal
mesocortical
mesolimbic
tuberoinfundibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

nigrostriatal

A

substantia nigra to striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mesolimbic

A

ventral tegmental area to frontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tuberoinfundibular

A

arcuate nucleus to pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pharmacotherapeutic aim of Parkinson’s

A

increase DA transmission in striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dopamine synthesis

A

tyrosine > L-DOPA > dopamine
via tyrosine hydrolase and then DOPA decarboxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

dopamine storage

A

vesicles
VMAT transports DA to vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dopamine metabolism

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO) will metabolise DA outside the vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DA metabolism process

A

DA > DOPAL > DOPAC > HVA (Homovanillic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

monoamine oxidase isoforms

A

MAOa and MAOb
different gene products
both on X chromosome
MAOb mainly metabolises DA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DA release

A

depolarization of terminal causing exocytosis
v-gated Ca2+ channels allow Ca2+ into terminal
vesicles fuse w membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DA receptors

A

G-protein coupled
D1-like > stimulate adenylate cyclase/ excitatory
D2-like> stimulate inhibit adenylate cyclase/ open K+channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

DA reuptake

A

via transporter/ DAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

L-DOPA

A

levodopa
precursor bypassing rate-limiting enzyme
^DA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DA polarity

A

can’t cross membranes
sympathomimetic effects
metabolised in gut by MAO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MAO inhibitor

A

selegiline
MAOb inhibitor
blocks intraneuronal metabolism of DA
^DA content of vesicles
less intraneuronal breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

D2 Receptor agonists

A

bromocriptine
or apomorphine/ lisuride
(inhibit striatal output neurones directly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Parkinson’s therapeutics

A

L-DOPA w carbidopa
given in combo, effects wear off as neurons degenerate
:( psychosis/ cognitive dysfunction/ addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

latroigenic/ drug-induced parkinsonism

A

antipsychotic drugs block D2 receptors in all 4 pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
depression symptoms
poor concentration altered appetite anhedonia despair
26
depression pathology
unknown pharma suggests dysfunction of 5-HT/NA systems (noradrenaline/ 5-hydroxytoyptamine)
27
locus coerulus
NAergic cell bodies projecting to hypothalamus and midbrain/ hippocampus and cortex
28
dorsal and median raphe nuclei
contain seretonergic pathways
29
NA production
tyrosine> (tyrosine hydroxylase)> L-DOPA> (DOPA decarboxylase)> dopamine> (dopamine beta-hydroxylase)> noradrenaline
30
5-HT production
tryptophan> (tryptophan hydroxylase)> 5-HTP> (5-HTP decarboxylase)> 5-HT
31
NA/ 5-HT storage
in vesicles protecting from MAO intraneural metabolism by MAO
32
NA/5-HT metabolism
MAO present in DA/NA/5-HT transmitter breakdown in cytosol MAOa and MAOb metabolize both NA/5-HT
33
NA metabolism process
NA>(MAO/aldehyde dehydrogenase)> DOPEG>(catechol-o-methyl transferase)> MHPG
34
5-HT metabolism process
5-HT>(MAO)>aldehyde>(aldehyde dehydrogenase)> 5-HIAA
35
NA/5-HT release and receptors
depolarization causes exocytotic release
36
NA receptors
G-protein coupled receptors alpha/ beta a1> stimulate P1 cycle a2> inhibit adenylate cyclase/ open K+ channels/ hyperpolarize/ ^cAMP B1,2,3> stimulate adenylate cyclase
37
5-HT receptors
G-protein coupled 5-HT(a-f) > inhibit adenylate cyclase 5-HT(1a)> open K+ channel 5-HT2(a-c)> stimulate P1 cycle ligand gated ion channel 5-HT3
38
autoreceptors
NA and 5-HT release inhibit transmitter release NA>a2 5-HT>5-HT1b
39
5-HT/ NA termination
high affin reuptake transporter removes from synaptic cleft *monoamine reuptake transporters > distinct transporters proteins/ preferentially take up NA/5-HT
40
monoamine theory of depression
relative decrease in NA/5-HT neurotransmission underlies depression symptoms
41
present antidepressant targets
^NA/5-HT MAO inhibitors reuptake inhibitors
42
MAOIs
inhibit MAO and intracellular 5-HT/NA metabolism ^ vesicular 5-HT/NA content/ release
43
MAOI effects
stimulant ^DA transmission ^sympathomimetic amine actions ("cheese reaction") interact w reuptake inhibitors
44
TCA
tricyclic antidepressants H1/ACh/a1 antagonism > postural hypotension/ dry mouth/ sedation e.g. imipramine/ amitryptiline
45
SSRI's
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors inhibit 5-HT reuptake selectively e.g. prozac, sertraline/zoloft, paroxetine
46
antidepressants delayed therapeutic actions
autoreceptor desensitization synaptic remodelling
47
reward pathway
DA neurones w cell bodies in ventral tegmental area projects to n.accumbens> activation releases DA> acts on inhibitory D2 receptors, inhibitting n.accumbens
48
amphetamine mechanism
1. enter nerve terminal via PM transporter 2. vMAT2 transport 3. neurotransmitter release into cytosol 4. membrane transporter reverses neurotrans release in cleft 5. neurotrans reuptake blocked
49
cocaine mechanism
1. binds to DAT PM transporter 2. DA reuptake blocked 3. ^DA duration in cleft
50
opioid mechanism
via G-protein coupled receptors (mu/ delta/ k) mu (gut/ spinal chord/ brain stem) > motility/analgesia/resp depression) n.accumbens mediates euphoria depends on route of admin/ relative affinity for receptors
51
heroine
more lipophilic than morphine/ converted to morphine/ act on mu receptors
52
heroine mechanism
1. activate mu receptors 2. DA disinhibited 3. mu activated/ n.accumbens inhibitted
53
ketamine
glutamate neurotransmitter acting on CNS neurones mediated by excitatory ligand-gated ion channel receptors blocks NDMA receptors
54
CNS glutamatergic neurones
long projection neurones/ principal cells connecting cortex and subcortical structures
55
glutamate NMDA receptor
allosteric change opens Na+ channel tetrameric GluN1/GluN2/GluN3 dimers
56
nicotine
activates DA neurones directly/ indirectly w glu inputs agonist at nicotinic ACh receptors
57
nicotinic receptors
pentamer ligand-gated ion channel Na+/K+ permeable when open
58
cannabinoid receptors
THC interaction w G-protein coupled receptors > CB1/CB2 CB1 (expressed in CNS) CB2 (expressed in immune tissues)
59
retrograde signalling
1. released neurotrans activates receptor on postsyn neurone 2. cannabinoid released/ CB1 activated on presyn neurone 3. neurotrans from presyn neurone decreases
60
THC
mimics endocannabinoids and decreases presyn neurotrans release decreases neurotransmission
61
GABA
neurotransmitter for widespread neurones GABAa/GABAb receptor mediation
62
benzodiazepines receptor complex
allosteric change opens Cl- channel BDZs enhance GABAa

PED1003 pharmacology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions