Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are components of nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS
CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: nerves (cranial and spinal) and ganglia outside brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is brain composed of?

A

Forebrain: cerebral hemispheres and diencapahlon
Midbrain
Hindbrain: pons, medulla, cerebellum

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3
Q

What is the function of fontal lobes?

A

Regulating and initiating motor function, language, cognitive functions (executive function [e.g. planning], attention, memory

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4
Q

What is function of parietal lobe?

A

Sensation (touch, pain), sensory aspects of language, spatial orientation and self-perception

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5
Q

What is function of temporal lobe?

A

Processing auditory information

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6
Q

What is function occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual information

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7
Q

What is contained within the limbic lobe?

A

limbic lobeincludes the amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, and cingulate gyrus
Concerned with learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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8
Q

Where does the insular cortex lobe lie ?

A

Deep within lateral fissure

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9
Q

What is the insular cortex concerned with?

A

visceral sensations, autonomic control, and interoception, auditory processing, visual-vestibular integration

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10
Q

What are three layers of meninges?

A

Three layers, dura, arachnoid and pia mater

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11
Q

Describe the dura

A

thick, composed of 2 layers
periosteal - layer of periosteum
meningeal - durable, dense fibrous membrane

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12
Q

Describe the arachnoid

A

thin, transparent, fibrous membrane

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13
Q

Describe the pia?

A

thin, translucent & mesh-like

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14
Q

Where is the CSF?

A

Produced in choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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15
Q

What does the CSF occupy?

A

ventricular system and sub-arachnoid space

~125 ml volume and 500 ml produced each day

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16
Q

Where is the CSF reabsorbed?

A

Reabsorbed via arachnoid villi (granulations) into superior sagittal sinus

17
Q

What is the difference between CSF and plasma?

A

Lower pH, less glucose, protein and potassium than plasma

18
Q

What is the spinal cord composed of?

A

Composed of segments – each gives rise to a pair of mixed spinal nerves (cervical, thoracic lumbar, sacral, coccygeal)

19
Q

How many pairs are in cervical nerves?

A

8

20
Q

How many pairs are in thoracic nerves?

A

12

21
Q

How many pairs are in lumbar nerves?

A

5

22
Q

How many pairs are in sacral nerves?

A

5

23
Q

How many Paris are in coccygeal?

A

1

24
Q

Where do nerves

emerge from?

A

Intervertebral formanina

Relationship between nerves and foramina changes between cervical and thoracic regions

25
Q

Where do nerves C1-C7 emerge from?

A

Above vertebrae (i.e C3 comes out between C2 and C3)

26
Q

Where do never C8-Co1 emerge from?

A

Below vertebrae (i.e T11 comes out between T11 and T12)

27
Q

Where are the spinal cord enlargements?

A
  • Cervical enlargement (innervation of upper limbs) C5

- Lumbar enlargement (innervation of lower limbs) L2

28
Q

What are the major descending pathways?

A
  • Major pathway for voluntary movement is the corticospinal tract
  • Composed of upper motor neurons in primary motor cortex and lower motor -neurons in brainstem and spinal cord
29
Q

What are the major ascending pathways?

A
  • Main pathways forsensation are the dorsal column pathway and the spinothalamic tract
  • Dorsal column pathway is for fine touch, vibration and proprioception (position) from the skin and joints.
  • Spinothalamic pathway is for pain, temperature (and crude touch) from the skin.
30
Q

What are the ascending tracts for sensory?

A
  • Dorsal columns (fine touch, proprioception, vibrators
  • Lateral spinothalamic tract (pain temp)
  • Ventral spinothalamic tract (crude touch)
31
Q

What re the descending tracts for motor?

A
  • Lateral corticosponal tract (motor)

- Ventral corticosponal tract (motor)

32
Q

What happens in corticospinal tract?

A

Approximately 85% of fibres decussate (cross) in the medulla

33
Q

What is the vestibulospinal brainstem motor tract?

A

provides information about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustments

34
Q

What is the tectospinal brainstem motor tract?

A

orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

35
Q

What is the reticulospinal brainstem motor tract?

A

control of breathing and emotional motor function

36
Q

What is the rubrospinal brainstem motor tract?

A

innervate lower motor neurons of the upper limb