Central Nervous System

Question 1

What are components of nervous system?

Answer 1

CNS and PNS
CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: nerves (cranial and spinal) and ganglia outside brain and spinal cord

Question 2

What is brain composed of?

Answer 2

Forebrain: cerebral hemispheres and diencapahlon
Midbrain
Hindbrain: pons, medulla, cerebellum

Question 3

What is the function of fontal lobes?

Answer 3

Regulating and initiating motor function, language, cognitive functions (executive function [e.g. planning], attention, memory

Question 4

What is function of parietal lobe?

Answer 4

Sensation (touch, pain), sensory aspects of language, spatial orientation and self-perception

Question 5

What is function of temporal lobe?

Answer 5

Processing auditory information

Question 6

What is function occipital lobe?

Answer 6

Processing visual information

Question 7

What is contained within the limbic lobe?

Answer 7

limbic lobeincludes the amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, and cingulate gyrus
Concerned with learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

Question 8

Where does the insular cortex lobe lie ?

Answer 8

Deep within lateral fissure

Question 9

What is the insular cortex concerned with?

Answer 9

visceral sensations, autonomic control, and interoception, auditory processing, visual-vestibular integration

Question 10

What are three layers of meninges?

Answer 10

Three layers, dura, arachnoid and pia mater

Question 11

Describe the dura

Answer 11

thick, composed of 2 layers
periosteal - layer of periosteum
meningeal - durable, dense fibrous membrane

Question 12

Describe the arachnoid

Answer 12

thin, transparent, fibrous membrane

Question 13

Describe the pia?

Answer 13

thin, translucent & mesh-like

Question 14

Where is the CSF?

Answer 14

Produced in choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

Question 15

What does the CSF occupy?

Answer 15

ventricular system and sub-arachnoid space

~125 ml volume and 500 ml produced each day

Question 16

Where is the CSF reabsorbed?

Answer 16

Reabsorbed via arachnoid villi (granulations) into superior sagittal sinus

Question 17

What is the difference between CSF and plasma?

Answer 17

Lower pH, less glucose, protein and potassium than plasma

Question 18

What is the spinal cord composed of?

Answer 18

Composed of segments – each gives rise to a pair of mixed spinal nerves (cervical, thoracic lumbar, sacral, coccygeal)

Question 19

How many pairs are in cervical nerves?

Answer 19

8

Question 20

How many pairs are in thoracic nerves?

Answer 20

12

Question 21

How many pairs are in lumbar nerves?

Answer 21

5

Question 22

How many pairs are in sacral nerves?

Answer 22

5

Question 23

How many Paris are in coccygeal?

Answer 23

1

Question 24

Where do nerves

emerge from?

Answer 24

Intervertebral formanina

Relationship between nerves and foramina changes between cervical and thoracic regions

Question 25

Where do nerves C1-C7 emerge from?

Answer 25

Above vertebrae (i.e C3 comes out between C2 and C3)

Question 26

Where do never C8-Co1 emerge from?

Answer 26

Below vertebrae (i.e T11 comes out between T11 and T12)

Question 27

Where are the spinal cord enlargements?

Answer 27

- Cervical enlargement (innervation of upper limbs) C5 | - Lumbar enlargement (innervation of lower limbs) L2

Question 28

What are the major descending pathways?

Answer 28

- Major pathway for voluntary movement is the corticospinal tract - Composed of upper motor neurons in primary motor cortex and lower motor -neurons in brainstem and spinal cord

Question 29

What are the major ascending pathways?

Answer 29

- Main pathways for sensation are the dorsal column pathway and the spinothalamic tract - Dorsal column pathway is for fine touch, vibration and proprioception (position) from the skin and joints. - Spinothalamic pathway is for pain, temperature (and crude touch) from the skin.

Question 30

What are the ascending tracts for sensory?

Answer 30

- Dorsal columns (fine touch, proprioception, vibrators - Lateral spinothalamic tract (pain temp) - Ventral spinothalamic tract (crude touch)

Question 31

What re the descending tracts for motor?

Answer 31

- Lateral corticosponal tract (motor) | - Ventral corticosponal tract (motor)

Question 32

What happens in corticospinal tract?

Answer 32

Approximately 85% of fibres decussate (cross) in the medulla

Question 33

What is the vestibulospinal brainstem motor tract?

Answer 33

provides information about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustments

Question 34

What is the tectospinal brainstem motor tract?

Answer 34

orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

Question 35

What is the reticulospinal brainstem motor tract?

Answer 35

control of breathing and emotional motor function

Question 36

What is the rubrospinal brainstem motor tract?

Answer 36

innervate lower motor neurons of the upper limb