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Pathology 2 > Central nervous system > Flashcards

Central nervous system Flashcards

0
Q

Acute-hypoxic injury - causing soma shrinking, pyknosis, eosinophilia “Red neurons” are all associated with what kind of neuronal injury

A

irreversible

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1
Q

Swelling of soma, peripheral dispersal of Nissl substance, and decreased axonal transport are all associated with what kind of neuronal injury

A

reversible

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2
Q

True or false; following neuronal injury, CNS fibrosis (gliosis) from astrocytes

A

true

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3
Q

true or false; oligodendrocytes produce myelin in CNS

A

true

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4
Q

What is considered the “macrophage” of CNS

A

Microglia

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5
Q

Is there ever a time when blood in the brain is normal?

A

no - if blood is in brain when contacts neurons = neuron death - BBB usually stops this from happening

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6
Q

Where would you expect to find ependymal cells? What is a common infection?

A

They line ventricles and spinal cord

Common infection would be cytomegalovirus (CMV)

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7
Q

What is the main function of choroid plexus?

A

produce CSF

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8
Q

What is the common histological finding in rabies? What about CMV (cytomegalovirus)?

A

Rabies - Negri body

CMV - Owl’s eye

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9
Q

Why do dogs with rabies “foam at mouth”

A

On top of causing neurological effects (aggression/delusions) dogs “foam at mouth” because virus effects swallowing reflex - more like drooling than foaming

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10
Q

What neurodegenerative disease causes “Lewy bodies” histologically? Which one causes neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques?

A

Lewy body - Parkinson disease

beta-amyloid - Alzheimer’s

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11
Q

True or false; Severe trauma, tumors, infections or inflammation are all examples of possible causes of extracellular edema

A

true

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12
Q

True or false; Cytotoxic (neuronal/glial membrane injuries) in brain would cause intracellular edema

A

true

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13
Q

What is hydrocephalus? What phenotypic change is associated with it?

A

Increased volume of CSF in ventricles in children

Causes very large skull (increased pressure coupled with non-ossified sutures)

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14
Q

True or false; hydrocephalus (increased CSF volume within ventricles) is MC caused by overproduction of CSF

A

false; overproduction is rare - typically caused by disturbed flow/reabsorption

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15
Q

What is the main difference between hydrocephalus in a patient 2 years old

A

< 2 years old - cranial enlargement

> 2 years old - increased intercranial pressure - ventricular enlargement

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16
Q

How can a positive feedback loop start in a brain herniation?

A

Increased intercranial pressure (hemorrhage, pus, tumor, edema) this causes compression on neurons and vessels - decreasing blood supply - leading to infaction - necrosis - inflammation- furthering swelling

17
Q

Of the 3 kinds of brain herniation: Subfalcine (cingulate), Transtentorial (uncinate), and Tonsillar - which is MC

A

Subfalcine (cingulate) - displaced cingulate gyrus under falx cerebri

18
Q

A brain herniation displaced temporal lobe - under anterior tentorium is called what? What is the common CN effected and what does it cause?

A

Transtentorial (uncinate) - CN 3 - causes “brown pupil” and causes Duret hemorrhage (flamed shaped hemorrhage in pons)

19
Q

Displaced cerebellar tonsils through the Foramen magnum is describing what kind of brain herniation

A

tonsillar

20
Q

A displaced cingulate gyrus - under the falx cerebri is describing the MC brain herniation

A

Subfalcine (cingulate)

21
Q

A Duret hemorrhage is “flamed shaped” hemorrhage associated with which kind of brain hemorrhage

A

Transtentorial (uncinate)

22
Q

What are Arnold-Chiari malformations? Is there more than one kind?

A

Cerebellar tonsils pushing into foramen magnum

Yes - Type 1 and 2 -

23
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 Arnold-Chiari malformations

A

Type 1 - MC, Milder - low-lying cerebellar tonsils - in Adults

Type 2 - Less common, more severe - small posterior fossa - in infants - misshapen midline cerebellum

24
Q

What is the difference between Decorticate and Decerebrate rigidity

A

Decorticate - injury between cortex and red nuclei (mid brain)

Decerebrate - injury in brainstem - between red nuclei (mid brain) and vestibular nuclei

25
Q

What is the difference in patient presentation between decorticate and decerebrate rigidity

A

Decorticate - Brachial flexion - extension of legs - internal rotation

Decerebrate - extension all 4 limbs - pronation of arms - plantar flexion

26
Q

What is the 3rd leading cause of death in US

A

Cerebrovascular disease (CVA)

27
Q

What is the MC cause of neurologic morbitity and 3rd leading cause of death in US

A

Cerebrovascular disease (CVA)

28
Q

Strokes can be caused by 3 things : Thrombotic occlusion, Embolic occlusion, Vascular rupture. What is the difference between them?

A 
Thrombotic (narrowing of vessel) 
Ebolic ("piece of ice coming into straw") 
Vascular rupture ("bent straw while getting paper off")
29
Q

What is scientific name for “mini-stroke”

A

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

30
Q

True or false; in a TIA (“mini stroke”) infarction occurs

A

false

31
Q

of the total cardiac output, how much does the brain receive?

A

15%

32
Q

After a cerebral infarction, how long until you see neutrophils? Macrophages? Gliosis?

A

Neutrophils - 48 hours

Macrophages - 10 days

Gliosis - weeks to months

33
Q

true or false; primary brain parenchymal hemorrhages are spontaneous and non-traumatic

A

true

34
Q

of the total cardiac output, how much does the brain receive?

A

15%

35
Q

After a cerebral infarction, how long until you see neutrophils? Macrophages? Gliosis?

A

Neutrophils - 48 hours

Macrophages - 10 days

Gliosis - weeks to months

36
Q

true or false; primary brain parenchymal hemorrhages are spontaneous and non-traumatic

A

true

37
Q

of the total cardiac output, how much does the brain receive?

A

15%

38
Q

After a cerebral infarction, how long until you see neutrophils? Macrophages? Gliosis?

A

Neutrophils - 48 hours

Macrophages - 10 days

Gliosis - weeks to months

39
Q

true or false; primary brain parenchymal hemorrhages are spontaneous and non-traumatic

A

true

Pathology 2 (5 decks)

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