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Neural Control of Exercising Muscle > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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1
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Sensory Nerves and Effector Nerves

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2
Q

Sensory Nerves =

A

Afferent or incoming

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3
Q

Effector Nerves

A

Motor, Efferent or outgoing

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4
Q

Effectors Nerves 2

A

Autonomic and Somatic

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5
Q

Autonomic

A

involuntary, to viscera

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6
Q

Somatic

A

voluntary, to skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Nerve Impulse

A

Neuron responds to stimuli

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8
Q

Nerve Impulse then

A

Neurons convert those messages to an electrical signal called

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9
Q

Neuron

A

basic structural unit of the nervous system

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10
Q

Neuron has three major regions

A

cell body (soma), dendrites, axon

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11
Q

Cell body 1

A

contains nucleus

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12
Q

Cell body 2

A

cell processes radiate out

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13
Q

Dendrites 1

A

receiver cell processes

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14
Q

Dendrites 2

A

carry impulse toward cell body

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15
Q

Axon 1

A

sender cell process

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16
Q

Axon 2

A

starts at axon hillock

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17
Q

Axon 3

A

end branches

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18
Q

Axon 4

A

axon terminals

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19
Q

Electrical signal for communication between

A

periphery and brain

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20
Q

Electrical signal must be generated by

A

a stimulus

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21
Q

Electrical signal must be propagated down

A

an axon

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22
Q

Electrical signal must be transmitted

A

to next cell in line

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23
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

difference in electrical charges between outside and inside of cell

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24
Q

Inside more negative relative to outside:

A

-70 mV

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25
Q

Cause: uneven separation of charge ions

A

High [Na+] outside cell
Medium [K+] inside cell

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26
Q

When charges across membrane differ

A

membrane is polarized

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27
Q

RMP maintained in way 1

A

membrane more permeable to K+ will move to less concentrated areas, outside the cell

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28
Q

RMP maintained in way 2

A

actively transports (requires ATP) three Na+ out of cell and two K+ into cell

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29
Q

RMP maintain result:

A

more + ions outside of the cell than inside

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30
Q

RMP maintain result*:

A

maintenance of -70mV RMP

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31
Q

Depolarization

A

occurs when inside of cell becomes less negative (ex: -70mV –> 0 mV)

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32
Q

Depolarization 2

A

more Na+ channels open, Na+ enters cell (influx)

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33
Q

Depolarization 3

A

required for nerve impulse to arise and travel

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34
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

occurs when inside of cell becomes more negative, even below -70 mV (ex: -70 mV –> 90 mv)

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35
Q

Hyperpolarization 2

A

more K+ channels open, K+ leaves cell (efflux)

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36
Q

Hyperpolarization 3

A

makes it more difficult for nerve impulse to arise

37
Q

Depolarization and Hyperpolarization contribute to nervous system function via

A

Graded potentials (GPs)

38
Q

Graded potentials (GPs):

A

localized changes in membrane potential

39
Q

Graded potentials 2

A

generated by incoming signals from dendrites

40
Q

Graded potentials 3

A

help cell body decide whether to pass signal on

41
Q

Graded potentials 4

A

can excite or inhibit a neuron

42
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A

Na+ channels open = Na+ influx, depolarization

43
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

K+ channels open = K+ efflux, hyper polarization

44
Q

Strong EPSP will lead to an

A

Action Potential (AP)

45
Q

Action Potential 1

A

rapid depolarization of neuron’s membrane

46
Q

Action Potential 2

A

last 1 ms

47
Q

Action Potential 3

A

AP will be propagated down axon & transmitted to next cell

48
Q

How strong must an action potential be?

A

must reach a threshold mV

49
Q

If GP reaches, -55 mV to -50 mV (threshold mV)

A

AP will occur

50
Q

Threshold mV not reached, then no AP

A

All-or-none principle

51
Q

Axon Hillock

A

keeps total of EPSPs & IPSPs

52
Q

-70 to -55 mV

A

depolarizing GP, Na+ influx

53
Q

-55 to +30 mV

A

depolarizing AP, Na+ influx

54
Q

+30 to -70 mV:

A

depolarizing AP, K+ efflux

55
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

painted by sodium-potassium pumps

56
Q

Depolarization, Na+ channels open

A

Na+ moves into the cell, depolarizing it

57
Q

Repolarization, K+

A

moves out of the cell

58
Q

Action Potentials

A

Propagation Down Axon

59
Q

Propagation Speed

A

are determined 2 characteristics

60
Q

Axon Diameter

A

larger axon = faster

61
Q

Myelin 1:

A

fatty sheath around axon (formed by Schwann Cells)

62
Q

Myelin 2:

A

not continuous (spaces are nodes of Rainier)

63
Q

Myelin 3:

A

speeds up propagation

64
Q

Myelin 4:

A

multiple sclerosis: degeneration of myelin; loss of coordination

65
Q

For neurons to communicate

A

APs transfer from a presynaptic to postsynaptic neuron

66
Q

Site of neuron-to-neuron communication

A

synapse (AP must travel across synapse)

67
Q

Presynaptic axon terminal

A

synapse

68
Q

Synapse

A

Postsynaptic Dendrites

69
Q

Postsynaptic Dendrites 1

A

signal changes form across synapse

70
Q

Postsynaptic Dendrites 2

A

electrical - chemical - electrical

71
Q

AP can move

A

in only one direction

72
Q

Synapse

A

Transmitting APs

73
Q

Axon terminals contain

A

neurotransmitters

74
Q

Axon terminals are

A

chemical messengers

75
Q

Axon terminals can

A

carry electrical AP signal across synaptic cleft

76
Q

Axon terminals have the ability to

A

bind to receptor on postsynaptic surface

77
Q

Axon terminals

A

stimulate GPs in postsynaptic neuron

78
Q

If depolarization reaches threshold

A

an AP occurs, process continues

79
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

A Specialize Synapse

80
Q

site of neuron-to-muscle communication

A

uses acetylcholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter

81
Q

Site of neuron-to-muscle communication

A

passes AP from neuron to muscle cell

82
Q

Postsynaptic Cell

A

muscle fiber

83
Q

ACh binds to

A

receptor at special site: motor end plate

84
Q

Depolarizes muscle cell membrane

A

AP continues on muscle cell

85
Q

How many Nuerotransmitters are out there

A

50+ are known or suspected

86
Q

Neurotransmitters can fall into two major categories

A

small-molecule, rapid-acting & large-molecule (neuropeptides), slow-acting

87
Q

ACh and norepinephrine (NE)

A

govern exercise

88
Q

ACh

A

stimules skeletal muscle contraction

89
Q

then ACh

A

mediates parasympathetic nervous system effects

90
Q

NE mediates

A

sympathetic nervous system effects

Neural Control of Exercising Muscle (4 decks)

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