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GENBIO 2 > Central Dogma & Genetics & Sex Linkage > Flashcards

Central Dogma & Genetics & Sex Linkage Flashcards

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1
Q

carbons of the pentose are numbered with a prime (‘) to distinguish its position

A

Pentose Sugar

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2
Q

A-T, G-C

A

Nitrogenous base

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2
Q

Backbone of the polynucleotide with the pentose, joins together nucleotides in DNA Sequence

A

Phosphate group

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3
Q

Starts DNA replication

A

Initiation stage

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4
Q

Sustain DNA replication

A

elongation stage

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5
Q

Stops DNA replication

A

termination stage

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6
Q

Enzyme (gyrase) cuts the supercoils of the double helix

A

initiation

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7
Q

___ will unwind double helix leaving 2 single strant (template)

A

elongation stage - DNA HELICASE

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8
Q

____provides rna primer, starting point of dna replication

A

PRIMASE

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9
Q

Binds to a primer, adds complementary partner

A

DNA Polymerase 3

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10
Q

Iron out dna to prevent complications occurring with single stranded dna

A

Single stranded binding protein

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11
Q

_____copies of replicated dna undergo modifications to produce rna’s to be released outside the nucleus towards the rough E.R

A

RNA transcription

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12
Q

Sythesis of rna from dna template

A

initiation

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13
Q

modification of rna strands

A

elongation

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14
Q

stops the process of transccription

A

termination

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15
Q

copies dna code and carries it to the ribosome

A

messenger rna

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16
Q

sequence of 3 bases is called_____

A

codon

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17
Q

AUG methionine or ______

A

start codon

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18
Q

UAA, UAG, UGA or_______

A

stop codon

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19
Q

along with protein, makes up ribosomes, globular shape, site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosmal rna

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20
Q

Transfer amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized, clover leaf shaped

A

transfer rna

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21
Q

Anti codon attached to mrna is assigned to a specific amino acid for expression. the mrna is now going to be transformed into amino acids strands that can continue into complex proteins

A

rna translation

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22
Q

Answers how traits are passed down from parents to off spirng

A

genetics

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22
Q

passing of traits from parents to offspring

A

heredity

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22
biology of heredity and variation
genetics
23
under heredity: (3)
genes, generation, traits
24
expressed characteristics of an individual inherited from one gen to another (physical)
traits
25
set of info. from the DNA that encodes for specific trait (inside)
genes
26
presence of diff. frequencies of traits among individuals
variation
27
descent of traits from parents to offspring
generation
28
under variation (4)
genome, chromosome, nucelosome, dna
29
organisms complete set of genes
genome
30
subunit of chromosomes where 2 turns of DNA is wrapped around a set of 8 proteins called tustones
nucleosomes
30
contains bundles of tightly coiled dna located at the nucleus
chromosomes
31
self-replicating macromolecule
dna
32
expression of phenotype
traits
33
segment of dna and is allocated for specific trait
gene
33
variant of gene
allele
33
activated variant of gene
dominant
34
inactivated variant of gene
recessive
34
physical expression of gene
phenotype
35
genetic make up
genotype
36
test cross that produces off spring
parental gen
37
traits that come from chromosomes x and y
sex linked traits
38
traits that come from chromosome 1-22
autosomal traits
39
result of parental text cross
filial gen.
40
both alleles have same expression
homozygous
41
alleles have diff. expression
heterozygous
42
only one gene is responsible for trait expressions
mono hybrid text cross
43
two genes are responsible for trait expressions
dihybrid text cross
44
father of genetics
gregor johann mendle
45
1st law of inheritance, where dominant ones cover recessive alleles.
law of dominance
46
1 allele is inherited from each parent
law of segregation
47
genes of different traits do not affect other genes of diff traits
law of independent assortment
48
it carries info for a specific protein
MRNA
49
sequences of 3 bases is called a what
codon
49
made up of 500-1000 nucleotides long
MRNA
49
a single strand 100-3000 nyucleotides long
RRNA
50
associates with proteins to form ribosomes
rrna
51
single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino aicid
trna
52
opposite end has three nucleotide bases called
anti codon
53
moves along template strand, builds mrna strand
rna polymerase
54
peptide bonds join the?
amino aicds
55
transcription initiation:
rna polymerase bonds to a promoter region, unwinds dna, exposes the template strand
55
transcription: termination
when mrna reaches termination sequence, the sequence causes mrna to fold back on itself. termination signal = stop, mrna is released, rna polymerase detaches, DNA rewinds back into its original shape.
56
mrna transcript start codon attaches to ribosomal
initiation
56
trna moves to side a and p of the ribosome
elongation
57
stop codon which stops the process of?
termination
58
aminoacyl trna biding site
a site
59
peptidyl trna biding site
p site
59
exit site
e site
60
one allele is inherited from each parent. uses monohybrid
law of segregation
60
genes of diff traits do not affect other genes. uses dihybrid
law of independence aasortment
61
diff expressions of genes due to diff interplay between genes.
gene interactions
62
2 types of gene interactions
allelic interaction and non allelic interaction
62
interaction of alleles in diff. genes
non allelic interactions 2 genes
63
interaction of alleles
allelic interaction 1 gene only
64
2 types of linkage:
COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE
65
5 types of allelic
incomplete, complete, co dominance, overdominance, multiple alleles
66
only one allele is expressed in the phenotype by masking the expression of the recessive allele
complete dom
66
expression of gene lacks dom and recessiveness. both r expressed
co dominance
66
expression of the recessive gene is not completely masked by dominant allele
incomplete dominance
67
abo blood system
multiple alleles
67
During Meiosis I (Prophase I), there is a DNA activity wherein closely related chromosomes that are paired together develops a chiasma (chiasmata pl.) or linkage. The pairing of homologous (partner) chromosomes results in exchange of DNA material between parental and maternal DNA resulting into different set of genes in their offspring.​
dna recombination
68
pairing up of chromosomes
synopsis
69
sharing genetic material aka holding hands
chiasma or crossing over
70
physically associated to each other making them physically impossible to exchange their segments with each other
complete linkage
71
crossing overs that ocur during meiosis that results in diff genes in offspring
incomplete linkage
72
new phenotypes are produced from interaction between dominants and both homo. recessiveness
novel phenotype
72
ratio = 9:3:3:1
novel phenotype
73
complete dominance but recessive is epistatic
recessive epistasis
73
complete dominance but dominant is epistatic
dominant epistasis
73
ratio= 9;3;4
recessive epistasis
73
ratio= 12;3;1
dom. epistasis
74
no new phenotype is produced
complementary genes
74
complete dominance at both gene pairs, but either gene when homozygous recessive; is epistatic to the effects
complementary genes
75
need 2 dominant genes for the color to show. no color = albino
complementary genes
76
ratio = 9;7
complementary genes
77
complete dominance at both gene pairs; but either gene, when dominant is epistatic to the other
dumplicate genes
78
Patterns of inheritance that is dependent on gene interactions in sex chromosomes
sex linkage
79
2 types of gene interactions
sex linked traits and sex influenced traits
80
genes controlling the trait can be found in X and Y chromosome.​
sex linked traits
80
gene controlling the trait can be found in autosomal chromosome.​
sex influenced traits
81
is described as a graphical representation of distribution and expression of genetic traits or disease among members of interrelated generations.​
pedogreee analysis
82
is the process wherein the process of transcription is inserted with different DNA to allow synthesis of specific mRNA to produce specific proteins.​
recombinant dna
83
the use of advanced scientific tools and techniques to alter genetic expressions.​
genetic engineering
84
products of biotech. group of diverse distinct organisms that contains a diff. genetic expressions among the typical form of a species that occurs in nature
genetically modified organisms
85
sequence of 3 bases
codon
85
opposite end has 3 nucleotide bases
anti codon
86
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GENBIO 2 (4 decks)

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