Central Dogma Flashcards
The original or parental strands separate, and each becomes a template for the synthesis of the new strand.
Semiconservative DNA Replication
is a process that synthesizes DNA by copying the existing DNA. It remains unaltered through the lifetime.
DNA REPLICATION
3 Phases of DNA REPLICATION
- Initiation
- Elongation
3.Termination
This is the bond linking 2 sugars (at C3 of one sugar and C5 of another)
Phospodiester bond
an enzyme that unwinds DNA strands
Helicase
an enzyme that relieves the tosional stress that arises ahead of the replication fork when the helicase enzyme unwinds the DNA strands
Topoisomerase
an enzyme that copies a DNA
template strand by making an RNA complementary
to it.
It serves as a priming site where DNA
polymerase can begin to synthesize a DNA strand.
Primase
the major polymerising enzyme and catalyzes the formation of the phosphodiester
bond
DNA polymerase III
binds single stranded DNA to stabilize it, so that the hydrogen- bonding surfaces of the DNA bases are spatially oriented toward the incoming nucleotides.
Single-strand DNA binding protein (SSB)
a protein dimer that encircles the DNA strand and helps hold the DNA polymerase to the DNA strand.
Sliding clamp
the enzyme that has a exonuclease function to remove the RNA primers and the polymerase function to replace the primers with deoxynucleotides.
DNA polymerase I
catalyzes the covalent joining of the individual pieces of the lagging strand. It covalently closes nicks in double-stranded DNA. It seals Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand of DNA replication.
DNA ligase
The synthesis of RNA molecules using a dsDNA as the template.
It takes place in the nucleus of the eukaryotes and in the cytoplasm of the prokaryotes.
TRANSCRIPTION
A T G Ca to A U G C
DNA to mRNA
Transcription
depends on specific sequences in the DNA template strand. As the RNA polymerase approaches the end of the gene being transcribed, it hits a region rich in C and G nucleotides.
factor-independent termination
The RNA contains a binding site for a protein called Rho factor.
Rho factor binds to this sequence and starts “climbing” up the transcript towards RNA polymerase.
factor-dependent termination
A process whereby the information from the specific DNA sequence is expressed as a specific amino acid sequence in a polypeptide or protein.
it takes place in the cytoplasm of the prokaryotes and in the endoplasmic reticulum of the eukaryotes.
A G U to Serine
Translation
a short linear polymer made of four different nucleotide subunits, linked together by phosphodiester bonds
Single-stranded and can fold up into a variety of shapes
RNA ribonucleic acid
rna responsible for carrying information from genes for the production of polypeptides in the cytoplasm
messenger/mRNA
responsible for transporting amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
transport rna/tRNA
associated with ribosomal proteins form ribosomes
rRNA or ribosomal RNA
a process that produces single- stranded DNA from RNA
occurs in reverse transcribing; viruses (retroviruses, such as HIV and Hepatitis B)
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION
end product of transcription
RNA
end product of translation
PROTEIN
