Central Dogma Flashcards
a segment of a DNA that codes for a protein, which turn codes for a trait
gene
nucleic acid that contains genetic information for the development and function of organisms
deoxyribonucleic acid
this is where DNA is found
nucleus
DNA is made up of a series of monomers called ___________
nucleotides
what makes up the structure of a nucleotide (3)
5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base
DNA is a twisted ladder called a ____________
double helix
4 nitrogenous bases in DNA
adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
4 nitrogenous bases in RNA
adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine
double ring purines
adenine and guanine
single ring pyrimidines
thymine and cytosine
replication wherein the parental molecule is fully conserved and daughter molecules are composed wholly of new synthesized molecules
conservative replication
replication where parental molecule is degraded into its component nucleotides and becomes part of the newly synthesized daughter molecules
dispersive replication
replication where each daughter molecule is composed of one conserved strand from the parental molecule and one newly synthesized and complementary strand
semi-conservative
its function is to obtain information from DNA and synthesized proteins
RNA
type of RNA that brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the protein manufacturing area (cytoplasm)
messenger RNA or mRNA
3 base pairs that code for a single amino acid
codon
type of RNA that supplies amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled as protein
transfer RNA or tRNA
a sequence of 3 bases that are complementary base pairs to a codon in mRNA
anticodon
directs translation of mRNA into proteins; the structural component of ribosomes
ribosomal RNA or rRNA
building blocks of protein
amino acids
2 strands of DNA are __________
complementary
process of making 2 identical copies of DNA from the original DNA molecule
DNA replication
unzips and unwinds 2 strands by breaking H-bonds
DNA helicase
this forms when DNA is separated by the DNA helicase
replication fork
makes short RNA sequences which serves as a pattern for making new a new DNA strand
Primase
short RNA sequences which serve as a pattern for making new DNA strands
primer
replaces RNA primer with DNA strand and proofreads new DNA strand
polymerase
short, newly synthesized DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand, together forming short, double-stranded DNA sections
okazaki fragment
joins DNA strands together and seals the nicks and gaps
DNA ligase
3 phases of the central dogma
replication, transcription, translation
2 phases of protein synthesis
transcription, translation
process by which the information to make protein in DNA is copied into mRNA by the polymerase
transcription
3 steps of transcription
initiation, elongation, termination
starts when an RNA polymerase binds to the DNA’s promoter region
initiation
RNA polymerase slides along the template DNA strand as the complementary bases pair up the RNA polymerase links the nucleotides to the 2 prime end of the growing molecule
elongation
final step in transcription; happens when RNA polymerase transcribes the termination sequence then the mRNA chain is freed from the DNA template
termination
process of translating the base sequence of an mRNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids
translation
first phase of translation; brings together the mRNA, the first amino acid with its attached tRNA, and the 2 subunits of a ribosome
initiation
amino acids are added one by one to the first amino acids
elongation
step in elongation where the anticodon of an incoming tRNA molecule carrying to the first amino acid pairs with the mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome
codon recognition
polypeptide leaces the tRNA in the P site and attaches acid on the tRNA in the A site.
peptide bond formation
P site tRNA leaves the ribosome, and the ribosome moves the remaining tRNA to the P site
translocation
elongation continues until a stop codon reaches ribosome’s A site
termination
name the 3 stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
