Biodiversity and Evolution

Question 1

the variety of genes that a species has, including the genetic composition of an individual under a particular species

Answer 1

genetic diversity

Question 2

the variation of different types of organisms

Answer 2

species diversity

Question 3

variation of ecosystems including the terrestrial and aquatic ecologies

Answer 3

ecosystem diversity

Question 4

group of interbreeding organisms of the same kind that gives birth to healthy offspring (fertile)

Answer 4

species

Question 5

differences among individual members of a population/species; this determines the organism’s ability to tolerate and survive environmental changes

Answer 5

variations

Question 6

variations lead to _________

Answer 6

adaptation

Question 7

same structure, same ancestor, different function

Answer 7

homologous structures

Question 8

same structure, same function, different ancestors

Answer 8

analogous structures

Question 9

remains or traces of any past life or direct evidence of a past life

Answer 9

fossils

Question 10

distribution of animals and species

Answer 10

biogeography

Question 11

developed the binomial system of nomenclature

Answer 11

carolus linnaeus

Question 12

each species has an ideal structure and function and a place in the scala naturae

Answer 12

fixity of species (carolus linnaeus)

Question 13

asserted that the earth was 75000 years old and that humans are relative newcomers

Answer 13

georges-louis buffon

Question 14

father of comparative anatomy and paleontology

Answer 14

baron georges cuvier

Question 15

former living things may have been wiped out by natural catastrophe

Answer 15

catastrophism (baron georges cuvier)

Question 16

proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics and theory of use and misuse

Answer 16

jean baptiste de lamarck

Question 17

individuals within a population with the most favorable traits for an environment survive and pass on those traits

Answer 17

natural selection

Question 18

a variation that improves an organism’s chance of survival

Answer 18

adaptation

Question 19

evolution of ancestral species splitting into different species

Answer 19

speciation

Question 20

gene flow is interrupted by geographic isolation

Answer 20

allopatric speciation

Question 21

gene flow is interrupted by other means, not geography; species live on the same geographic setting

Answer 21

sympatric speciation

Question 22

special case of allopatric speciation; one group is smaller than the other

Answer 22

peripatric speciation

Question 23

adjacent populations evolve into distinct species while maintaining contact along a common border

Answer 23

parapatric speciation

Question 24

descendants of a common ancestor evolve independently and uniquely

Answer 24

divergent evolution

Question 25

different species share a trait not due to a common ancestor

Answer 25

convergent evolution

Question 26

occurs when 2 or more species affect each other’s evolution; includes many forms of mutation, host-parasite, predator-prey

Answer 26

co-evolution

Question 27

change in the frequency of an existing gene variant due to random sampling of organisms

Answer 27

genetic drift

Question 28

any movement of individuals/genetic material they carry, from one population to another; also known as gene migration or allele flow

Answer 28

gene flow

Question 29

any alteration of the DNA sequence; ultimate cause of evolution

Answer 29

mutation

Question 30

type of mutation where a single nucleotide base is altered

Answer 30

point mutation

Question 31

change in one nucleotide of a codon but still code for the same AA

Answer 31

silent

Question 32

change in one nucleotide leads to a different AA

Answer 32

missense

Question 33

change on one nucleotide results in a stop codon

Answer 33

nonsense

Question 34

reading frame of a gene change

Answer 34

frameshift mutation

Question 35

removal of 1 or more nucleotides

Answer 35

deletion

Question 36

addition of 1 or more nucleotides

Answer 36

insertion

Question 37

when a nucleotide modifies naturally through successive generations

Answer 37

spontaneous mutation

Question 38

caused artificially through laboratory manipulations

Answer 38

induced mutation

Question 39

environmental factors such as sunlight that cause mutation

Answer 39

exogenous factors

Question 40

errors during DNA replication and toxic by-products of metabolism that lead to changes in the DNA sequence

Answer 40

endogenous factors