Biodiversity and Evolution Flashcards
the variety of genes that a species has, including the genetic composition of an individual under a particular species
genetic diversity
the variation of different types of organisms
species diversity
variation of ecosystems including the terrestrial and aquatic ecologies
ecosystem diversity
group of interbreeding organisms of the same kind that gives birth to healthy offspring (fertile)
species
differences among individual members of a population/species; this determines the organism’s ability to tolerate and survive environmental changes
variations
variations lead to _________
adaptation
same structure, same ancestor, different function
homologous structures
same structure, same function, different ancestors
analogous structures
remains or traces of any past life or direct evidence of a past life
fossils
distribution of animals and species
biogeography
developed the binomial system of nomenclature
carolus linnaeus
each species has an ideal structure and function and a place in the scala naturae
fixity of species (carolus linnaeus)
asserted that the earth was 75000 years old and that humans are relative newcomers
georges-louis buffon
father of comparative anatomy and paleontology
baron georges cuvier
former living things may have been wiped out by natural catastrophe
catastrophism (baron georges cuvier)
proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics and theory of use and misuse
jean baptiste de lamarck
individuals within a population with the most favorable traits for an environment survive and pass on those traits
natural selection
a variation that improves an organism’s chance of survival
adaptation
evolution of ancestral species splitting into different species
speciation
gene flow is interrupted by geographic isolation
allopatric speciation
gene flow is interrupted by other means, not geography; species live on the same geographic setting
sympatric speciation
special case of allopatric speciation; one group is smaller than the other
peripatric speciation
adjacent populations evolve into distinct species while maintaining contact along a common border
parapatric speciation
descendants of a common ancestor evolve independently and uniquely
divergent evolution
different species share a trait not due to a common ancestor
convergent evolution
occurs when 2 or more species affect each other’s evolution; includes many forms of mutation, host-parasite, predator-prey
co-evolution
change in the frequency of an existing gene variant due to random sampling of organisms
genetic drift
any movement of individuals/genetic material they carry, from one population to another; also known as gene migration or allele flow
gene flow
any alteration of the DNA sequence; ultimate cause of evolution
mutation
type of mutation where a single nucleotide base is altered
point mutation
change in one nucleotide of a codon but still code for the same AA
silent
change in one nucleotide leads to a different AA
missense
change on one nucleotide results in a stop codon
nonsense
reading frame of a gene change
frameshift mutation
removal of 1 or more nucleotides
deletion
addition of 1 or more nucleotides
insertion
when a nucleotide modifies naturally through successive generations
spontaneous mutation
caused artificially through laboratory manipulations
induced mutation
environmental factors such as sunlight that cause mutation
exogenous factors
errors during DNA replication and toxic by-products of metabolism that lead to changes in the DNA sequence
endogenous factors
