centeral dogma lec 2

Question 1

the original DNA strands are split in two and each half
is used as a template to make the complementary strand.
features of ??

Answer 1

semi-conservative

Question 2

DNA replication is initiated at many sites called origins of

Answer 2

ORI s

Question 3

in what cell cycle the DNA replication occurrs ?

Answer 3

interphase

Question 4

connects the Okazaki fragments together

Answer 4

DNA ligase

Question 5

opens the DNA helix by breaking Hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases

Answer 5

Helicase

Question 6

remove supercoils generated in front of the replication fork, remove the, stress caused by unwinding

Answer 6

Topoisomerase

Question 7

DNA replication start at the site of origin in the replication fork showing: ?

Answer 7

Continuous synthesis of the leading strand.
2- Discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand with ligation of the Okazaki fragments.

Question 8

Exonuclease activity removes RNA primer and replaces with newly synthesized DNA

Answer 8

DNA pol 1

Question 9

repair function

Answer 9

DNA pol 2

Question 10

main enzyme that add nucleotides in the 5’-3’

Answer 10

DNA pol3

Question 11

sequence of DNA that specifies production of a functional product

Answer 11

gene

Question 12

percentage
how many functional protein ?

Answer 12

1.5%

Question 13

function of
non-coding RNAs, miRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Answer 13

regulate gene expersision

Question 14

genes do not code for protein

Answer 14

(Pseudogenes)

Question 15

The reminder of human genome is made up of repetitive DNA sequence

Answer 15

junk DNA

Question 16

genes consists of :

Answer 16

exons
introns
promoter region

Question 17

coding sequence of genes

Answer 17

exons

Question 18

non coding sequence of genes

Answer 18

introns

Question 19

location of promoter ?

Answer 19

near the beginning of a gene
(upstream of the gene toward the 5’ end)

Question 20

how long is promoter region ?

Answer 20

100-1000bp

Question 21

how important is the promoter region

Answer 21

initiation of transcription.

Question 22

The 3′ untranslated region (3’UTR)
contains a signal for the addition of a
sequence of adenosine residues
to the end of mRNA

Answer 22

polyA tail

Question 23

process when a gene is used to synthesized RNA and protein

Answer 23

gene expression

Question 24

what are the Genes are transcribed in all cells of the body.?

Answer 24

housekeeping genes

Question 25

housekeeping genes encode product that are reqiured for...

Answer 25

cell’s maintenance and metabolism.

Question 26

Gene regulation importance

Answer 26

appropriate genes are expressed at the correct : amount, place time during development.

Question 27

Proteins that control the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to mRNA.

Answer 27

Transcription factors

Question 28

how does the Transcription factors works

Answer 28

controlling the recruitment of RNA polymerase

Question 29

enhancers

Answer 29

increase the transcription rate

Question 30

silencers

Answer 30

decrease the transcription rate

Question 31

how transcription process

Answer 31

Transcription factors recognize the promoter of the gene. * RNA polymerase II then binds and forms the transcription initiation complex. * RNA polymerase II synthesized RNA single strand.

Question 32

Removing of the introns

Answer 32

splicing

Question 33

number of modification happend to mRNA before leaving nucleus

Answer 33

RNA processing.

Question 34

importance of 5’ Capping:

Answer 34

facilitate transport of the mRNA to the cytoplasm protect transcript RNA form degradation by endogenous exonucleases

Question 35

what is Polyadenylation, and how important it is ?

Answer 35

addition of 3' poly-A tail facilitates nuclear export and translation.

Question 36

carrying the information from genes to cytoplasm to produce polypeptides(proteins)

Answer 36

mRNA

Question 37

transporting amino acids to ribosomes

Answer 37

tRNA

Question 38

rRNA

Answer 38

associated with ribosomal protein from ribosomes

Question 39

ribosomes location

Answer 39

cytoplasm

Question 40

ribosomes construction

Answer 40

two different sized subunits (small subunit and large subunit)

Question 41

ribosomes function

Answer 41

translates the genetic information in the RNA into a string of amino acids that will become a protein.

Question 42

trinucleotide sequence which is complementary to the codon of the mRNA.

Answer 42

anticodon

Question 43

stop codon for termination the protein synthesis

Answer 43

(UAA, UAG, UGA)

Question 44

start codon

Answer 44

AUG met

Question 45

the ribosome moves along the mRNA, and the amino acids are linking up by the formation of peptide bonds. this action is done by what enzyme

Answer 45

peptidyl transferase

Question 46

post translation modifactions are:

Answer 46

Glycosylation * Methylation * Phosphorylation * Hydroxylation * Proteolytic cleavage