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medical genetics > centeral dogma lec 2 > Flashcards

centeral dogma lec 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the original DNA strands are split in two and each half
is used as a template to make the complementary strand.
features of ??

A

semi-conservative

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2
Q

DNA replication is initiated at many sites called origins of

A

ORI s

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3
Q

in what cell cycle the DNA replication occurrs ?

A

interphase

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4
Q

connects the Okazaki fragments together

A

DNA ligase

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5
Q

opens the DNA helix by breaking Hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases

A

Helicase

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6
Q

remove supercoils generated in front of the replication fork, remove the, stress caused by unwinding

A

Topoisomerase

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7
Q

DNA replication start at the site of origin in the replication fork showing: ?

A

Continuous synthesis of the leading strand.
2- Discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand with ligation of the Okazaki fragments.

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8
Q

Exonuclease activity removes RNA primer and replaces with newly synthesized DNA

A

DNA pol 1

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9
Q

repair function

A

DNA pol 2

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10
Q

main enzyme that add nucleotides in the 5’-3’

A

DNA pol3

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11
Q

sequence of DNA that specifies production of a functional product

A

gene

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12
Q

percentage
how many functional protein ?

A

1.5%

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13
Q

function of
non-coding RNAs, miRNA, tRNA, rRNA

A

regulate gene expersision

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14
Q

genes do not code for protein

A

(Pseudogenes)

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15
Q

The reminder of human genome is made up of repetitive DNA sequence

A

junk DNA

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16
Q

genes consists of :

A

exons
introns
promoter region

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17
Q

coding sequence of genes

A

exons

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18
Q

non coding sequence of genes

A

introns

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19
Q

location of promoter ?

A

near the beginning of a gene
(upstream of the gene toward the 5’ end)

20
Q

how long is promoter region ?

A

100-1000bp

21
Q

how important is the promoter region

A

initiation of transcription.

22
Q

The 3′ untranslated region (3’UTR)
contains a signal for the addition of a
sequence of adenosine residues
to the end of mRNA

A

polyA tail

23
Q

process when a gene is used to synthesized RNA and protein

A

gene expression

24
Q

what are the Genes are transcribed in all cells of the body.?

A

housekeeping genes

25
Q

housekeeping genes encode product that are reqiured for…

A

cell’s maintenance and metabolism.

26
Q

Gene regulation importance

A

appropriate genes are expressed at the
correct :
amount,
place
time
during development.

27
Q

Proteins that control the rate of transcription of genetic information from
DNA to mRNA.

A

Transcription factors

28
Q

how does the Transcription factors works

A

controlling the recruitment of RNA
polymerase

29
Q

enhancers

A

increase the transcription rate

30
Q

silencers

A

decrease the transcription rate

31
Q

how transcription process

A

Transcription factors recognize the promoter of the gene.
* RNA polymerase II then binds and forms the transcription initiation complex.
* RNA polymerase II synthesized RNA single strand.

32
Q

Removing of the introns

A

splicing

33
Q

number of modification happend to mRNA before leaving nucleus

A

RNA processing.

34
Q

importance of 5’ Capping:

A

facilitate transport of the mRNA to the
cytoplasm
protect transcript RNA form degradation by endogenous exonucleases

35
Q

what is Polyadenylation, and how important it is ?

A

addition of 3’ poly-A tail
facilitates nuclear export and translation.

36
Q

carrying the information from genes to cytoplasm to produce polypeptides(proteins)

A

mRNA

37
Q

transporting amino acids to ribosomes

A

tRNA

38
Q

rRNA

A

associated with ribosomal protein from ribosomes

39
Q

ribosomes location

A

cytoplasm

40
Q

ribosomes construction

A

two different sized subunits (small subunit and large subunit)

41
Q

ribosomes function

A

translates the genetic information in the RNA into a string of amino
acids that will become a protein.

42
Q

trinucleotide sequence which is complementary to the codon of the
mRNA.

A

anticodon

43
Q

stop codon for termination the protein synthesis

A

(UAA, UAG, UGA)

44
Q

start codon

A

AUG met

45
Q

the ribosome
moves along the mRNA, and the amino
acids are linking up by the formation of
peptide bonds.
this action is done by what enzyme

A

peptidyl transferase

46
Q

post translation modifactions are:

A

Glycosylation
* Methylation
* Phosphorylation
* Hydroxylation
* Proteolytic cleavage

medical genetics (3 decks)

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