Cellular vs Humoral Innate Immunity Flashcards
The study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body
Immunology
The condition of being resistant to infection
Immunity
A foreign substance that induces an immune response
Antigen
Variolation is the practice of deliberately exposing an individual to material from____________
smallpox lesions
Discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox
EDWARD JENNER (1700s)
Edward Jenner deliberately injected individuals with material from cowpox lesions to protect them from smallpox, known as ___________
vaccination
“_____“=cow
Vacca
the phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent
Cross-immunity
Often called the “Father of immunology”
LOUIS PASTEUR (1800s)
Louis Pasteur discovered his attenuated vaccine while working with the bacteria that caused _________
chicken cholera
___________ or change may occur through heat, aging, or chemical means
Attenuation
Discovered phagocytosis (cells that eat cells)
ELLIE METCHNIKOFF (late 1800s)
Ellie Metchnikoff hypothesized that immunity to a disease was based on the action of the _______________
scavenger cell
Demonstrated that diphtheria and tetanus toxins, which are produced by specific microorganisms as they grow, could be neutralized by the noncellular portion of the blood of animals previously exposed to the microorganisms
EMIL VON BEHRING
The discovery of Emil Von Behring gave birth to the theory of ______________
Humoral Immunity
Linked the two theories by showing that the immune response involved both cellular and humoral elements
ALMROTH WRIGHT (1903)
Almroth Wright observed that certain humoral, or circulating, factors called ____________acted to coat bacteria so that they became more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells
opsonins
ALMWROTH WRIGHT (1903)
These serum factors include specific proteins known as _________ as well as other factors called ________________ that increase nonspecifically in any infection
antibodies
acute-phase reactants
_______________: the important process in host defense by which particles or complexes are made readily ingestible for uptake by phagocytic cells.
Opsonization
Specific serum proteins, known as opsonins, coat particles and cause the particles to bind avidly to __________ and trigger _________
phagocytes
ingestion
A cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles, including foreign substances, microorganisms, and apoptotic cells
PHAGOCYTOSIS
c
CHEMOTAXIS
Enumerate the bacterial factors
bacterial proteins
capsules
LPS
peptidoglycan
teichoic acids, etc.)
CHEMOTAXIS
Example of complement proteins
C5a
CHEMOTAXIS
Example of chemokines
chemotactic cytokines such as interleukin-8 secreted by various cells
CHEMOTAXIS
Enumerate the attractans
Bacterial factors
Complement proteins
Chemokines
FIbrin split products
Kinin
Phospholipids released by injured host cells
The movement of leukocytes (neutrophils) out of the blood vessels and towards the site of tissue damage or infection
DIAPEDESIS
Both cells and soluble factors play essential parts
INTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM
Designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organisms
INTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM
White blood cells seek out and destroy foreign cells by participating in phagocytosis
INTERNAL DEFENSE SYSTEM
What is being described?
Normal serum constituents that increase rapidly by at least ____________ to infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues
ACUTE-PHASE REACTANTS
25 percent due
ACUTE-PHASE REACTANTS
Produced primarily by hepatocytes within ___________________ in response to an increase intercellular signaling polypeptides – cytokines
12-24 hours
C-reactive protein
Respone time (hr):_________
Normal conc. (mg/dL):___________
Increase:___________
6-10
0.5
1000x
C-reactive protein function
Opsonization, complement activation
Serum amyloid A
Respone time (hr):_________
Normal conc. (mg/dL):___________
Increase:___________
24
3.0
1000x
Serum amyloid A function
Removal of cholesterol
Alpha1-antitripsin
Respone time (hr):_________
Normal conc. (mg/dL):___________
Increase:___________
24
200-400
2-5x
Alpha1-antitripsin function
Protease inhibitor
Fibrinogen
Respone time (hr):_________
Normal conc. (mg/dL):___________
Increase:___________
24
110-400
2-5X
Fibrinogen function
Clot formation
Fibrinogen function
Clot formation
Haptoglobin
Respone time (hr):_________
Normal conc. (mg/dL):___________
Increase:___________
24
40-200
2-10X
Haptoglobin function
Binds hemoglobin
Ceruloplasmin
Respone time (hr):_________
Normal conc. (mg/dL):___________
Increase:___________
48-72
20-40
2x
Ceruloplasmin function
Binds copper an oxidizes iron
Complement C3
Respone time (hr):_________
Normal conc. (mg/dL):___________
Increase:___________
48-72
60-140
2X
Complement C3 Function
Opsonization, lysis
Mannose-binding protein
Respone time (hr):_________
Normal conc. (mg/dL):___________
Increase:___________
?
0.15-1.0
?
Mannose-binding protein Function
Complement activation
C-reactive proteins are elevated in:
bacterial infections
rheumatic fever,
viral infections
malignant diseases
tuberculosis, and
after a heart attack
Capable of opsonization (the coating of foreign particles), agglutination, precipitation, and activation of complement by the classical pathway
C-reactive protein
An apolipoprotein that is synthesized in the liver, associated with HDL cholesterol, removing cholesterol from cholesterol-filled macrophages
Serum Amyloid A
At the site of tissue injury, facilitates recycling of cell membrane cholesterol and phospholipids for reuse in building membranes of new cells required during acute inflammation
Serum Amyloid A
Refers to a series of serum proteins that are normally present and whose overall function is mediation of inflammation
Complement
Major functions of _________ are opsonization, chemotaxis, and lysis of cells
Complement
An opsonin able to recognize foreign carbohydrates such as mannose and several other sugars found primarily on bacteria, some yeasts, viruses, and several parasites
Mannose-Binding Protein (MBP)
A general plasma inhibitor of proteases (enzymes that contributes to the virulence of bacteria) released from leukocytes, especially ___________
Alpha1-Antitrypsin
elastase
an endogenous enzyme that can degrade elastin and collagen
Elastase
T/F: Once bound to Serum Amyloid A, the protease is completely inactivated and is subsequently removed from the area of tissue damage and catabolized
FALSE; Alpha1-antitripsin
Binds irreversibly to free hemoglobin released by intravascular hemolysis, the complex is cleared rapidly by _________ and ___________ cells in the liver, thus preventing loss of free hemoglobin
Haptoglobin
Kupffer, parenchymal
The most abundant of the coagulation factors in plasma, and it forms the fibrin clot.
Fibrinogen
T/F: formation of a clot also creates a barrier that helps prevent the spread of microorganisms further into the body
True
The principal copper-transporting protein in human plasma, circulating copper is absorbed out by the ________ and either combined with ceruloplasmin and returned to the plasma or excreted into the _________
Ceruloplasmin
liver, bile duct
Contain a large number of neutral staining granules, which are classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary granules
Neutrophils
Contain enzymes such as myeloperoxidase, elastase, proteinase 3, lysozyme, cathepsin G, and defensins, small proteins that have antibacterial activity
PRIMARY GRANULES/AZUROPHILIC GRANULES
PRIMARY GRANULES/AZUROPHILIC GRANULES
Enumerate the enzymes/small proteins that have antibacterial activity
Myeloperoxidase
Elastase
Proteinase 3
Lysozyme
Cathepsin G
Defensins
PRIMARY GRANULES/AZUROPHILIC GRANULES
The enzymes are attracted to a specific area by ______________
Chemotactic factors
Enumerate Azurophilic Granules
Neutrophil elastase
Myeloperoxidase
Cathepsin G
Proteinase 3
Azurocidin
Defensins
Enumerate Specific Granules
Collagenase
Gelatinase
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
Lipocalin
Enumerate Gelatinase Granules
Collagenase
Gelatinase
Acyl transferase
Cathepsin
Enumerate Secretory Vesicles
Plasma proteins
Membrane receptors
characterized by the presence of collagenase, lactoferrin, lysozyme, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and membrane proteins normally associated with the plasma membrane
Secondary granules
Secondary granules are characterized by the presence of:
Collagenase
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase
membrane proteins
gelatinase and plasminogen activator
Tertiary granules
chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction
Chemotaxins
Most important role is neutralizing basophil and mast cell products and killing certain parasites
Eosinophils
EOSINOPHILS
Primary granules contain:
Acid phosphatase
Arylsulfatase
EOSINOPHIL
Eosinophil-specific granules contain
Major basic protein
Eosinophil cationic protein
Eosinophil peroxidase
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
Constituents of these granules are histamine, a small amount of heparin, and eosinophil chemotactic factor-A,
Basophils
Constituents of Basophils
Histamine
Small amount of heparin
Eosinophil chemotactic factor-A
T/F: all constituents of basophils all have an important function in inducing and maintaining immediate hypersensitivity reactions
True
They are connective tissue cells of mesenchymal origin, and they have a long-life span of between ____________________. They are widely distributed throughout the body and are larger than __________
Mast cells
9 and 18 months, basophils
This granules actually have two types
Monocytes
MONOCYTES
First type contains
Peroxidase
Acid phosphatase
Arylsulfatase
The one type of monocyte that contains peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and arylsulfatase indicated that these granules are similar to the lysosomes of __________________
Neutrophils
MONOCYTE
Second type contains
B-glucoronidase
Lysozyme
Lipase
MONOCYTE
Second type contains
β-glucuronidase
lysozyme, and
lipase
T/F: The second type of monocyte has alkaline phosphatase
FALSE; (but no alkaline phosphatase)
Monocyte-macrophage system plays an important role in initiating and regulating the immune response,
Tissue macrophage
Tissue macrophage function
Microbial killing
tumoricidal activity
Intracellular parasite
Eradication
Phagocytosis
Secretion of cell mediators
Antigen presentation
Killing activity is enhanced when macrophages become “activated” by contact with microorganisms or with chemical messengers called ____________, which are released by _____________ during the immune response
cytokines
T lymphocytes
Main function is to phagocytose antigen and present it to helper T lymphocytes
DENDRITIC CELLS
After capturing antigen in the tissue by phagocytosis or endocytosis, they migrate to the blood and to lymphoid organs, where they present antigen to T lymphocytes to initiate the acquired immune response.
DENDRITIC CELLS
They are the most potent phagocytic cell in the tissue
DENDRITIC CELLS
The process of phagocytosis consists of four main steps:
- Physical contact between the _______ and the ____________
- Formation of a ___________
- Fusion with _______________ to form a phagolysosome
- ___________ and release of debris to the outside
- white cell, foreign particle
- phagosome
- cytoplasmic granules
- Digestion
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Enhanced by opsonins, a term derived from the Greek word meaning “___________________”
to prepare for eating
T/F: Opsonins are serum proteins that attach to a foreign substance and help prepare it for phagocytosis
True
Enumerate the important opsonins
C-reactive protein
Complement components, and
Antibodies
Overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent, cellular and humoral mechanisms are involved
INFLAMMATION
The four cardinal signs or clinical symptoms are:
redness
swelling
heat, and
pain
Major events associated with the process of inflammation are:
- Increased ________ to the infected area
- Increased ____________ caused by retraction of endothelial cells lining the vessels
- Migration of white blood cells, mainly __________, from the capillaries to the surrounding tissue
- Migration of _____________ to the injured area
- blood supply
- capillary permeability
- neutrophils
- macrophages
Chemical mediators such as ______________, which are released from injured mast cells, cause dilation of the blood vessels and bring additional blood flow to the affected area, resulting in redness and heat.
histamine
T/F: The increased permeability of the vessels allows fluids in the plasma to retain to the tissues. This produces the swelling and pain associated with inflammation.
FALSE; The increased permeability of the vessels allows fluids in the plasma to LEAK to the tissues.
What initiate and control the response of redness and heat
Soluble mediators (including acute-phase reactants)
______________ occurs through formation of clots by the coagulation system and then the triggering of the fibrinolytic system
Amplification
As the endothelial cells of the vessels contract, neutrophils move through the endothelial cells of the vessel and out into the tissues (____________). They are attracted to the site of injury or infection by the chemotaxins mentioned previously
diapedesis
_____________ which are mobilized within ___________ after the injury, are the major type of cell present in acute inflammation.
Neutrophils,
30 to 60 minutes
Neutrophil emigration may last __________________ and is proportional to the level of _____________ present in the area.
24 to 48 hours
chemotactic factors
Migration of macrophages from surrounding tissue and from blood monocytes occurs several hours later and peaks at _____________
16 to 48 hours.
___________________ attempt to clear the area through phagocytosis, and in most cases the healing process is completed with a return of normal tissue structure.
Macrophages
T/F: When the inflammatory process becomes prolonged, it is said to be acute, and tissue damage and loss of function may result
FALSE; When the inflammatory process becomes prolonged, it is said to be CHRONIC
Events in the inflammatory response:
- Increased ___________ to the affected area
- Increased __________________
- Migration of __________ and ___________ to the tissues.
- ________________
- Clinical signs at the site include _______ and ______
- ______________
- blood supply
- capillary permeability
- neutrophils, macrophages
- Phagocytosis
- erythema, edema
- Tissue healing
