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[LECTURE] Immuno-sero > Antigens & MHC > Flashcards

Antigens & MHC Flashcards

1
Q

Macromolecules capable of triggering an ____________ immune response by inducing the formation of antibodies or ______________ in an immunocompetent host

A

IMMUNOGENS
adaptive
sensitized T cells

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2
Q

A substance that reacts with antibody or sensitized T cells but (may/may not) be able to evoke an immune response

A

ANTIGEN
may not

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3
Q

T/F: All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

A

T

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4
Q

The nature of the immunogen itself

A

All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

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5
Q

_________ of MHC molecules that must combine with an __________ before T cells are able to respond

A

Genetic coding
immunogen

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6
Q

Immunogen processing and presentation

A

All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

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7
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

Age
Overall Health
Dose
Route of Inoculation
Genetic Capacity

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8
Q

Older individuals are more likely to have a (increased/decreased) response to antigenic stimulation

A

AGE
decreased

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9
Q

______ do not fully respond to immunogens, because their immune systems are not completely developed

A

AGE
Neonates

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10
Q

Individuals who are ________, __________, or ________ are less likely to mount a successful immune response

A

OVERALL HEALTH
malnourished
fatigued
stressed

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11
Q

A ____________, allows the innate immune response to take care of small amounts of pathogens and leave the ____________ response for pathogens that are present in large numbers

A

DOSE
threshold dose
adaptive

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12
Q

Include ________(into a vein), ____________ (into the skin), ____________ (beneath the skin), and _______________

A

ROUTE OF INOCULATION

intravenous
intradermal
subcutaneous
oral administration

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13
Q

Linked to the _____ and to the receptors generated during T and B lymphocyte development

A

GENETIC CAPACITY

MHC

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14
Q

Enumerate the traits of immunogens

A
  1. Macromolecular size
  2. Chemical composition and molecular complexity
  3. Foreignness
  4. The ability to be processed and presented with MHC molecules
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15
Q

Molecular weight of at least ___________ to be recognized by the immune system

A

MACROMOLECULAR SIZE
10,000

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16
Q

and the best immunogens typically have a molecular weight of over _________________

A

MACROMOLECULAR SIZE
100,000 daltons

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17
Q

The rule of thumb is that the (greater/smaller) the molecular weight, the more potent the molecule is as an immunogen

A

MACROMOLECULAR SIZE

greater

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18
Q

__________ and ____________ are the best immunogens (amino acids)

A

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MOLECULAR COMPLEXITY

Proteins
Polysaccharides

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19
Q

______ recognize structures that project from the external surfaces of macromolecules

A

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MOLECULAR COMPLEXITY

B cells

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20
Q

Proteins have ___________ that also stimulate T cells, which is essential to generating T-cell help in antibody production

A

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MOLECULAR COMPLEXITY

epitopes

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21
Q

T/F: Carbohydrates are somewhat less immunogenic than protein - __________, or ___________

A

True

glycolipids
glycoproteins

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22
Q

Example of glycolipids

A

A, B, and H blood group antigens

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23
Q

Example of glycoproteins

A

Rh and Lewis antigens

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24
Q

Pure ________ and _________ are not immunogenic by themselves

A

nucleic acids
lipids

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25
Q

Pure nucleic acids and lipids are not immunogenic by themselves, although a response can be generated when they are attached to a suitable carrier molecule (______________)

A

DNA protein complex

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26
Q

Being able to distinguish between self and non-self,

A

Foreignness

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27
Q

T/F: those substances recognized as non- self are NOT immunogenic

A

F; they are immunogenic

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28
Q

Involves ______________ to create small peptides or pieces that can be complexed to MHC molecules to present to ______________

A

THE ABILITY TO BE PROCESSED AND PRESENTED WITH MHC MOLECULES

enzymatic digestion
responsive lymphocytes

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29
Q

Determinant site

A

EPITOPE

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30
Q

Molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by __________ , may be repeating copies, or they may have differing specificities

A

EPITOPE
B or T cells

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31
Q

Linear or conformational

A

EPITOPE

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32
Q

Surface antibody on B cells may react with both________ and ____________ epitopes present on the surface of an immunogen

A

EPITOPE RECOGNITION BY B CELLS

linear
conformational

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32
Q

Surface antibody on B cells may react with both________ and ____________ epitopes present on the surface of an immunogen

A

EPITOPE RECOGNITION BY B CELLS

linear
conformational

33
Q

T cells recognize an epitope only as a part of a complex formed with _________ on the surface of an _________________

A

EPITOPE RECOGNITION BY T-CELLS

MHC proteins
antigen-presenting cell

34
Q

Non-immunogenic materials that, when combined with a carrier, create new antigenic determinants

A

HAPTENS

35
Q

May be complexed artificially with carrier molecules in a _____________, or this may occur naturally within a host and set off an ______________

A

HAPTENS

laboratory setting
immune response

36
Q

Antigens that belong to the host

A

AUTOANTIGENS

37
Q

These do not evoke an immune response under normal circumstances

A

AUTOANTIGENS

38
Q

From other members of the host’s species

A

ALLOANTIGENS

39
Q

Capable of eliciting an immune response

A

ALLOANTIGENS

40
Q

Alloantigens are important to consider in _________________ and in __________________

A

tissue transplantation
blood transfusions

41
Q

From other species, such as other animals, plants, or microorganisms

A

HETEROANTIGENS

42
Q

Are heteroantigens that exist in unrelated plants or animals but are either identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one will cross-react with an antigen of the other

A

HETEROPHILE ANTIGENS

43
Q

A substance administered with an immunogen that increases the immune response;

A

ADJUVANTS

44
Q

acts by producing a ______________ that attracts a large number of immune system cells to the injection site

A

ADJUVANTS

local inflammatory response

45
Q

_________________ are the only ones approved for clinical use in the United States

A

ADJUVANTS

Aluminum salts

46
Q

these are used to complex with the immunogen to (decrease/increase) its size and to prevent a rapid escape from the tissues

A

ALUMINUM SALTS

increase

47
Q

It must be injected into the muscle to work

A

Aluminum salts

48
Q

The ____________ vaccination is an example of using this type of adjuvant

A

ALUMINUM SALTS

hepatitis B

49
Q

are thought to enhance the immune response by prolonging the existence of immunogen in the area,

A

ADJUVANTS

50
Q

(decreasing/increasing) the effective size of the immunogen, and (increasing/decreasing) the number of __________ involved in antigen processing

A

ADJUVANTS

Increasing
increasing
macrphage

51
Q

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX MOLECULES formerly referred to as _____________________________

A

human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Dausset

52
Q

They determine whether transplanted tissue is histocompatible and thus accepted or recognized as foreign and rejected

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX MOLECULES

53
Q

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX MOLECULES

Main function: Bring _______ to the ______________ for recognition by T cells, because T-cell activation will occur only when antigen is combined with ____________

A

antigen
cell surface
MHC molecules

54
Q

T/F: MHC molecules are NOT relevant

A

FALSE; they ARE relevant

55
Q

MHC molecules are relevant because they may be involved in _________________, ____________________, and _________________

A

transfusion reactions
graft rejection
autoimmune diseases

56
Q

Genes controlling ____________ of these molecules are actually a system of genes known as the major histocompatibility complex

A

expression

57
Q

Genes coding for the MHC molecules in humans are found on the short arm of chromosome __ and are divided into _____ categories or classes

A

chromosome 6
three

58
Q

molecules are coded for at three different locations or loci, termed A, B, and C

A

CLASS I

59
Q

genes are situated in the __ region, and there are several different loci known as __, __, and __

A

CLASS II

D
DR
DQ
DP

60
Q

There is a gene that codes for the alpha chain and one or more genes that code for the beta chain

A

CLASS II

61
Q

coded between the class I and class II regions on chromosome,

A

CLASS III

62
Q

codes for complement proteins and cytokines such as _________________________

A

CLASS III

tumor necrosis factor

63
Q

Expressed on all nucleated cells

A

Structure of Class I

64
Q

Highest on ______________ and low or undetected on_________________, _____________, _____________, and _________

A

CLASS I

lymphocytes

liver hepatocytes
neural cells
muscle cells
sperm

65
Q

CLASS I

The alpha chain has a molecular weight of ____________

A

45,000

66
Q

CLASS I

A lighter chain associated with it, called a ________________, has a molecular weight of ___________ (alpha chain domains – a1, a2, a3)

A

beta2- microglobulin
12,000

67
Q

reacts with CD8 on cytotoxic T cells

A

a3

68
Q

Found primarily on antigen-presenting cells, which include _____________, __________, _____________, and ___________

A

CLASS II

B lymphocytes
monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells

69
Q

CLASS II

_____ is expressed at the highest level, as it accounts for about _____ of all the class II molecules on a particular cell

A

DR
one-half

70
Q

CLASS II

The DR gene is the most highly (dimorphic/ polymorphic) as ___ different alleles are known at this time

A

polymorphic
18

71
Q

CLASS II

Both the chain, with a molecular weight of __________, and the chain, with a molecular weight of__________, are anchored to the __________________

A

33,000
27,000
cell membrane

72
Q

Role of MHC Class I and Class II

To bind __________ within cells and transport them to the ___________, where T cells can recognize them in the phenomenon known as _____________

A

peptides
plasma membrane
antigen presentation

73
Q

Mainly present peptides that have been synthesized within the cell to_______ (cytotoxic) T cells

A

CLASS I
CD8

74
Q

The watchdogs of viral, tumor, and certain parasitic antigens that are synthesized within the cell

A

CLASS I

75
Q

Display of hundreds of __________ molecules complexed to antigen allows CD8+T cells to continuously check cell surfaces for the presence of ____________

A

CLASS I

class I
non-self-antigens

76
Q

If it recognizes an antigen as being foreign, the CD8+T cell produces _______ that causes ___________ of the entire cell

A

CLASS I

cytokines
lysis

77
Q

Present antigen to CD4 (helper) T cells

A

CLASS II

78
Q

Mainly bind ________________ proteins – those taken into the cell from the outside and degraded

A

CLASS II

exogenous

79
Q

Stimulate ___________ in the case of bacterial infections or the presence of other material that is endocytosed by the cell

A

CLASS II

CD4 T cells

80
Q

On the cell surface, ___________ molecules are responsible for forming a _____________ that occurs between ________, ____________, and an _______________________

A

CLASS II

Class II
trimolecular complex
antigen
class II molecule
appropriate T-cell receptor

81
Q

If binding occurs with a T-cell receptor on a CD4+T cell, the T helper cell recruits and triggers a _______________ resulting in ________________

A

CLASS II

B-cell response
Antibody formation

[LECTURE] Immuno-sero (3 decks)

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