cellular responses to stress and toxic insult 3

Question 1

what are some reversible ischemia effects?

Answer 1

ATP depletion
formation of blebs
swollen mitochondria
dilated ER
swollen cell

Question 2

what are some irreversible ischemia effects?

Answer 2

severe swelling of mitochondria
swelling of lysosomes
large amorphous densities develop i the mitochodrial matrix

Question 3

how long of ischemia will result in irreversible injury?

Answer 3

30-40min

Question 4

how do you treat ischemic brain and spine?

Answer 4

transient induction of hypothermia

this suppresses formation of free radicals

Question 5

what is ischemia-reperfusion injury?

Answer 5

damage after reperfusion of ischemia.
reoxygenation can damage cells by
-increased generation of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species and free radicals
-calcium can also enter cells
-cytokines can cause inflammation
-activation of complement system

Question 6

what is direct chemical toxic injury?

Answer 6

combining with critical molecular components.

ex: mercury binds o sulfydryl groups in membrane proteins.

Question 7

what is the most characteristic feature of apoptosis?

Answer 7

condensing chromatin

cell also shrinks

Question 8

which caspases initiate apoptosis?

Answer 8

caspases 8 and 9
exists as proenzymes or zymogens
undergo enzymatic cleavage to become active

Question 9

which caspases are executioners of apoptosis?

Answer 9

caspases 3 ad 6
exists as proenzymes or zymogens
undergo enzymatic cleavage to become active

Question 10

what is a xanthoma?

Answer 10

Intracellular accumulation of cholesterol within macrophages (acquired and hereditary hyperlipidemic states)
Clusters of foamy cells are found in the subepithelial connective tissue of the skin and in tendons

Question 11

what is cholesterolosis

Answer 11

Focal accumulations of cholesterol-laden macrophages in the lamina propria of the gallbladder

Question 12

what is niemann pick disease type C?

Answer 12

• Lysosomal storage disease
• Caused by mutations affecting an enzyme involved in cholesterol trafficking
• Cholesterol accumulation in multiple organs

Question 13

what kind of disease do you see from alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency?

Answer 13

emphysema

Question 14

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cells

Composed predominantly of keratin intermediate filaments

Answer 14

alcoholic hyaline

Question 15

Insoluble pigment
Also known as lipochrome or wear-and-tear pigment
Not injurious to the cell or its functions
Telltale sign of free radical injury and lipid peroxidation
Yellow-brown, finely granular cytoplasmic, often perinuclear, pigment in tissue sections
Seen in cells undergoing slow, regressive changes
Prominent in the liver and heart
Aging patients
Patients with severe malnutrition and/or cancer cachexia

Answer 15

lipofuschin

Question 16

Endogenous
Non-hemoglobin-derived brown-black pigment
Formation
Enzyme tyrosinase catalyzes the oxidation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine in melanocytes
The only endogenous brown-black pigment

Answer 16

melanin

Question 17

Hemoglobin-derived
Golden yellow-to-brown, granular or crystalline pigment
Serves as one of the major storage forms of iron
Represents aggregates of ferritin micelles
Seen normally in mononuclear phagocytes of the bone marrow, spleen, and liver
Actively engaged in red cell breakdown

Answer 17

hemosiderin

Question 18

Normal major pigment found in bile
Derived from hemoglobin
Contains no iron

Answer 18

bilirubin

Question 19

what is dystrophic calcification vs metastatic calcification?

Answer 19

dystrophic calcification - normal levels of serum calcium in necrotic tissue

metastatic calcification - high levels of calcium in normal tissue. Not necrosis