cellular responses to stress and toxic insults 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 aspects of a disease process?
cause (etiology) mechanisms of its development (pathogenesis) biochemical and structural alterations (molecular and morphological changes) functional consequences of these changes (clinical manifestations)
what are the 2 pathways of cell death
apoptosis necrosis
whats the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
hypertrophy is increase in cell size hyperplasia is increase in cell number
what are the 2 mechanisms of hypertrophy?
mechanical sensors growth factors vasoactive agents
what are the 2 main biochemical pathways of hypertrophy?
- phosphoinoside 3-kinase/Akt pathway - signaling downstream of G protein coupled receptors
individuals treated with barbituates experience hypertrophy of what organelles?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes - adaptive response leads to increase metabolism. Think of alcohol tolerance building
what kind of hyperplasia is cancerous?
pathologic hyperplasia consitutes fertile soil for cancerous proliferation
what induces benign prostatic hyperplasia?
induced by responses to androgens
what are some common causes of atrophy?
decreased workout loss of innervation diminished blood supply inadequate nutrition loss of endocrine stimulation pressure
what are the mechanisms of atrophy?
decreased protein synthesis increased protein degradation
what is the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway of atrophy?
responsible for for accelerated proteolysis
how does autophagy work?
membrane bound vacuoles contain fragments of cell components and combines with lysosome . some cell debris resist digestion and persists as membrane bound residual bodies as lipofuscin granules
what is the most common epithelial metaplasia?
where does it occur?
columnar to squamous
occurs in the respiratory tract such as in smokers
where does metaplasia of columnar to squamous cells happen?
in the esophagus
called barret esophagus
what is myositis ossificans?
bone formation in muscle
