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General Pathology > Cellular Responses to Stress and Injury > Flashcards

Cellular Responses to Stress and Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Reversible functional and structural responses to more severe physiologic stresses and some pathologic stimuli allowing the cell to survive and continue to function

A

Cellular adaptation

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2
Q

Results when cells are stressed so severely, they are no longer able to adapt

A

Cell injury

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3
Q

End result of progressive cell injury

A

Cell death

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4
Q

Type of cell death that occurs after such abnormal stresses as ischemia and chemical injury

A

Necrosis

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5
Q

T/F: Necrosis is always pathologic

A

True

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6
Q

Type of cell death that occurs due to activation of an internally controlled suicide program

A

Apoptosis

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7
Q

Adaptive cellular response triggered by nutrient deprivation

A

Autophagy

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8
Q

Results from calcium deposition at sites of cell death

A

Pathologic calcification

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9
Q

T/F: Hyperplasia cannot occur simultaneously with hypertrophy

A

False

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10
Q

Increased functional capacity of a tissue when needed

A

Hormonal hyperplasia

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11
Q

Increased tissue mass after damage or partial resection

A

Compensatory hyperplasia

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12
Q

Differentiate hyperplasia from hypertrophy

A

Hyperplasia - happens in cells capable of dividing; results in an inc. in the mass of organ

Hypertrophy - happens in cells which are not capable of dividing; results in an inc. in size of the organ

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13
Q

Most important biochemical pathway involved in physiologic hypertrophy

A

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway

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14
Q

Induced by many growth factors and vasoactive agents and thought to be more important in pathologic hypertrophy

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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15
Q

Associated with reinduction of ANF gene expression

A

Myocardial hypertrophy

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16
Q

Most common setting for atrophy to occur

A

Aging

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17
Q

Generalized atrophy

A

Malnutrition

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18
Q

A reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type

A

Metaplasia

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19
Q

T/F: Metaplasia results from a change in the phenotype of an already differentiated cell type

A

False

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20
Q

Result of a reprogramming of stem cells that are known to exist in normal tissues, or of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells present in connective tissue

A

Metaplasia

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21
Q

Most common metaplasia

A

Columnar to squamous

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22
Q

Disordered cellular growth and maturation

A

Dysplasia

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23
Q

Dysplasia occurs most often in?

A

Hyperplastic squamous epithelium and in areas of squamous metaplasia

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24
Q

T/F: Dysplastic cells are not autonomous and with intervention, the tissue may still revert to normal

A

True

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25
Q

Hallmarks of cell injury

A

Dec. oxidative phosphorylation
Cellular swelling due to changes in ion concentration and water influx
Alterations in organelles (mitochondria and cytoskeleton)

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26
Q

Cellular response to injurious stimuli depends on?

A

Nature, duration, and severity of the injury

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27
Q

Consequences of cll injury depends on?

A

Type, state and adaptability

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28
Q

Fundamental cause of necrotic cell death

A

ATP depletion

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29
Q

Increased intracellular calcium levels result in the induction of apoptosis by?

A

Direct activation of caspases and by increasing mitochondrial permeability

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30
Q

Appears whenever cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis

A

Cellular swelling

31
Q

T/F: Hydropic swelling results in an increased number of organelles

A

False

32
Q

Occurs in hypoxic injury and various forms of toxic or metabolic injury

A

Fatty change

33
Q

Manifestation of fatty change

A

Lipid vacuoles in cytoplasm

34
Q

Features of cell injury under light microscope

A

Cytoplasmic eosinophilia

Nuclear degeneration

35
Q

Nuclear shrinkage and creased basophilia

A

Pyknosis

36
Q

Pyknotic nucleus breaks up into smaller fragments scattered around the cytoplasm

A

Karyorrhexis

37
Q

Fading of basophilia of the chromatin due to loss of DNA because of enzymatic degradation by endonucleases

A

Karyolysis

38
Q

T/F: Coagulative necrosis is denaturation of both structural proteins and enzymes with proteolysis

A

False

39
Q

Type of necrosis in TB

A

Caseous necrosis

40
Q

Cell death characterized by dominant enzyme digestion

A

Liquefactive necrosis

41
Q

Associated with secondary bacterial infection of already ischemic tissues

A

Gangrenous necrosis

42
Q

Diabetic foot is which type of gangrenous necrosis?

A

Dry gangrene

43
Q

Bacterial infection superimposed on coagulative necrosis

A

Dry gangrene

44
Q

Bacterial infection superimposed on liquefactive necrosis

A

Wet gangrene

45
Q

Process of combination of free fatty acids with calcium resulting to chalky white areas

A

Fat saponification

46
Q

Which type of necrosis occurs in acute pancreatitis?

A

Fat necrosis

47
Q

Occurs when there is deposition of Ag-Ab complexes in the walls if arteries

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

48
Q

Which type of necrosis occurs in vasculitis?

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

49
Q

Fragments of apoptotic cells containing portion of its nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Apoptotic bodies

50
Q

Most characterized feature of apoptosis

A

Chromatin condensation

51
Q

Fragmentation into apoptotic bodies containing cytoplasmic organelles with or without nuclear fragments

A

Blebbing

52
Q

Best known death receptors

A

TNFR1 and Fas ( CD95)

53
Q

Anti-apoptotic proteins

A

BCL2, BCL-XL, MCL1

54
Q

Pro-apoptotic proteins

A

BAX, BAK

55
Q

Act as sensors of cellular stress and damage and regulate the balance between anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins

A

Arbiters of apoptosis

56
Q

Arbiters of apoptosis

A

BAD, BIM, Puma, Noxa

57
Q

T/F: Both anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins have 4 BH domains

A

True

58
Q

Abnormal accumulations of triglycerides within parenchymal cells

A

Steatosis

59
Q

Steatosis is often seen in which organ?

A

Liver

60
Q

Smooth muscle cells and macrophages within the intimal layer of the aorta and large arteries which are filled with lipid vacuoles

A

Foam cells

61
Q

Intracellular accumulation of cholesterol within macrophages

A

Xanthomas

62
Q

Lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations affecting an enzyme involved in cholesterol trafficking, resulting in cholesterol accumulation

A

Niemann-pick disease, type C

63
Q

Focal accumulation of cholesterol-laden macrophages in the lamina propria of the gallbladder

A

Cholesterolosis

64
Q

Marked accumulation of newly synthesized immunoglobulins that may occur in the RER

A

Russell bodies

65
Q

Abnormal proteins deposit primarily in extracellular spaces

A

Amyloidosis

66
Q

An alteration within cells or in extracellular space that gives a homogeneous, glassy, pink appearance in sections stained with H&E

A

Hyaline change

67
Q

Most common exogenous pigment

A

Carbon

68
Q

Wear and tear pigment

A

Lipofuscin

69
Q

Appearance when large amounts of lipofuscin is present

A

Brown atrophy

70
Q

Pigment that accumulates in tissues when local or systemic excess of iron is present

A

Hemosiderin

71
Q

Condition where unconjugated bilirubin is found in the brain and may lead to death

A

Kernicterus

72
Q

Type of calcification which occurs in the absence of derangements in calcium metabolism

A

Dystrophic calcification

73
Q

Type of calcification which occurs in normal tissue during hypercalcemia

A

Metastatic hypercalcemia

74
Q

Disease of premature aging

A

Werner’s syndrome

General Pathology (3 decks)

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