Cellular Respiration Quiz Flashcards
Organisms that perform photosynthesis
Plants, algae, and certain types of bacteria
Products of Photosynthesis
Glucose (C6H12O6) and Oxygen (O2)
Reactants of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide and water
What is the purpose of photosynthesis
change the energy in sunlight to kinds of energy that can be stored for later use
Organisms that perform cellular respiration
all living things
Products of cellular respiration
Carbon Dioxide, water and ATP
Reactants of cellular respiration
Glucose, Oxygen
describe the purpose of cellular respiration
to generate usable energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) by breaking down glucose molecules
what is the purpose of glycolysis
breaks down glucose to from two pyruvates which are then used in the krebs cycle
where does glycolysis take place
cytosol
what reactant is used during glycolysis
glucose, 2 ATP and 2 NAD+
What products are formed during glycolysis
two pyruvate molecules, two ATP molecules, and two NADH molecules
Describe the first step in glycolysis
1) Energy investment phase: 2 ATP added to glucose, glucose splits into 2 3-carbon molecules, enzymes rearrange these molecules.
Describe the 2nd step in glycolysis
2) Energy payoff phase: Electrons from the 2 3-carbon molecules are transferred to 2 NAD+, forming 2NADH, more reactions convert the 2 3-carbon molecules into 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP is made.
Describe the 3rd step in glycolysis
3) Products: 2 NADH move into mitochondria to go to the ETC, net 2 ATP are produced, 2 Pryuvate move into Krebs cycle.
Describe the purpose of the krebs cycle
Produce electron carriers/energy carrying molecules which are transferred to the final stage of cellular respiration
Where does the krebs cycle take place
The matrix of mitochondria
What reactants are used in the krebs cycle
acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate
What are the products of the krebs cycle
ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2 (waste product) and Water
Describe what happens in the pre-krebs cycle
Pyruvate is broken down to acetyl (2 carbon mol.). During the breakdown: CO2 is released from each pyruvate. the NADH produced goes to final stage. CoA bonds to acetyl and helps acetyl move into krebs cycle
Describe the steps in the Krebs Cycle
Acetyl drops CoA and enters the cycle and is added to a 4-carbon molecule forming citric acid. A series of steps break down citric acid, stripping some electrons and transferring them to NAD+ to form NADH and FADH2. carbon atoms are lossed during this to form CO2.
purpose of the electron transport chain
generate a cheiosmotic gradient across the membrane and make a lot of ATP
location of the ETC
on and across the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Reactants used in the ETC
NADH and FADH2
Products formed in the ETC
Water and ATP
Describe the 1st step of the ETC
1) proteins that make up the ETC take high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2
Describe the 2nd step in the ETC
2) electrons are passed from protein to protein in ETC. At each transfer, energy is released. That energy is used to pump H+ against the gradient. The energy passed is used to run a protein pump. A chemiosmotic gradient is produced, H+ build up and store potential energy.
describe the 3rd step in the ETC
3) H+ flows through the the ATP synthase enzyme, powers the enzyme which adds a phosphate to ADP to form ATP.
describe the 4th step in the ETC
4) Oxygen inside the matrix is the final electron acceptor in the ETC. It picks up an e- at the end of the chain and bonds with hydrogen ions to form water. Forms around 34 ATP per glucose.
How does glycolysis depend on the other stages?
This initial stage breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and generating NADH, which are then used in the subsequent Krebs cycle.
How does the pre-krebs cycle depend on the other stages?
Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA, which is the molecule that enters the Krebs cycle, making this step essential for the continuation of the process.
How does the krebs cycle depend on the other stages?
Acetyl-CoA from the pre-krebs cycle combines with a four-carbon molecule to generate further energy carriers like NADH, FADH2, and ATP, while releasing carbon dioxide.
How does the ETC depend on the other stages?
The NADH and FADH2 produced in the previous stages deliver electrons to the electron transport chain, which uses their energy to pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane, ultimately generating a large amount of ATP through chemiosmosis.
What organisms perform photosynthesis
Plants, bacteria. fungi
What reactants are used in photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide and water
What products are produced in photosynthesis
Oxygen, glucose and ATP
what is the purpose of photosynthesis
change the energy in sunlight to kinds of energy that can be stored for later use
What is the purpose of fermentation
It allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen
Where does fermentation take place
cytosol
Summary of what happens in fermentation
it deals with NADH and pyruvate to form energy. Glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis. NADH converts back to NAD+ which can make more energy.
Summary of what alcohol fermentation does
Pyruvate converted to ethanol in 2 steps, one step releases CO2
Summary of lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate converted to lactate as a waste product.
