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Biology > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Catabolic pathway that breaks down energy rich compounds to produce ATP

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2
Q

Steps in Metabolic Pathway

A

Glycolysis - cytoplasm/cytosol
Pyruvate Oxidation - mitochondrial matrix
Citric Acid Cycle - mitochondrial matrix
ETC and chemiosmosis (oxidative Phosphorylation) - inner mitochondria membrane

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3
Q

Glycolysis

A

oxidation of one 6-carbon glucose molecule - two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules
Soluble enzymes involved

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4
Q

2 phases of glycolysis

A

Initial phrase investment

energy payoff phrase

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5
Q

ETC - complex I

A

NADH dehydrogenase

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6
Q

ETC - complex II

A

FADH2 (succinate) dehydrogenase

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7
Q

ETC - complex III

A

cytochrome complex

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8
Q

ETC - complex IV

A

cytochrome oxidase

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9
Q

What is all the reactants and products doubled by in the citric acid cycle (net equation)?

A

2

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10
Q

What is completely oxidized (CO2)

A

Glucose, electron carriers NADH and FADH2 reach ETC

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11
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

process which ATP is synthesized using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and thee ATP synthase enzyme

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12
Q

Ubiquinone

A

also picks up H+ as it accepts electrons from complex]x I and II

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13
Q

Proton gradient

A

a difference in proton concentration across memebrance

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14
Q

electrical potential

A

An electric potential is the amount of work needed to move a unit of charge from a reference point to a specific point inside the field without producing an acceleration.

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15
Q

2 principle components of ATP synthase

A

Basal portion: intergal membrane proteins
- forms a channel for H+ ions pass freely via. proton motive force
head portion: extends into matrix

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16
Q

Uncoupling ETC and chemiosmosis

A

released as thermal energy

H+ rush back over membrane through uncoupling proteins

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17
Q

Example of ETC and chemiosmosis uncoupling

A
  • Inner mitochondria membrane of brown adipose fat tissue

- protein channels take H+ back into matrix realizing thermal energy

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18
Q

In general how may ATP is getting multiplied Theoretically

A

NADH oxidized = 3 ATP

FADH2 oxidized = 2 ATP

19
Q

How many ATP is produced Theoretically in Cellular respiration

A

38 ATP

20
Q

In general how may ATP is getting multiplied Actually

A 
NADH = 2.5 ATP
FADH2 = 1.5 ATP
21
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

acts as ATP storage

Can be easily released for sudden ATP energy bursts or stored if no activity

22
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

ATP regulated to meet cellular energy requirements

- supply and demand

23
Q

Example of Regulating Cellular respiration

A

Phosphofructokinase

  • regulated at irreversible steps
  • in glycolysis this can be inhibited or activited
24
Q

What is beta-oxidation

A

sequential removal of acetyl groups from the fatty acid

25
Q

How is an acetyl group broken down to CO2 and H2O

A

acetyl group are linked to CoA to make acetyl-CoA

acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle and is broken down to CO2 and H2O

26
Q

Protein Catabolism

A

Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids where some are used to makes cells own protein

27
Q

Deamination

A

Removal of an amino group

28
Q

Protein catabolism - amino acids depicts what type of substrate is produced

A

Alanine - pyruvate
Leucine - acetyl-CoA
Proline - a-ketoglutarate
phenylalanine - fumarate

29
Q

When do organisms use Anaerobic Pathways

A

in poor oxygen enviro. ex. wet enviro, human digestive tract

30
Q

two methods of Fermentation in eukaryotes

A
  • ethanol fermentation

- Lactic Acid fermentation

31
Q

Ethanol fermination

A

2 pyruvates are decarboxylated and forms 2 acetalaldedydes

32
Q

What is waste products in Ethanol fermentation

A

CO2 and ethanol

33
Q

Example of organism that carry out Ethanol fermentation

A

yeast

34
Q

Uses of ethanol/ alcohol fermentation

A

Humans to make breads, pastries, beers, wines

Accumulation of ethanol in animals can cause death

35
Q

Lactate fermentation

A

Glucose undergoes glycolysis to produce 2 pyruvates, 2NADH + 2H+ and 2 ATP net
2 pyruvates are reduced by 2NADH from glycolysis forming 2 lactates and 2 NAD+

36
Q

Uses of Lactate fermentation

A

during exercise, muscles respire faster then the body can supply oxygen

37
Q

What reaction is reversible? Why?

A

Lactate Fermentation

  • when exercises cease, oxygen is present
  • Lactate is shuttled to liver to be oxidized
  • pyruvate and NADH are replenished
38
Q

Why do pyruvates go in to mitochondria during Lactate Fermentation?

A

where undergoes aerobic cellular respiration

39
Q

Substrate - Level phosphorylation

A

the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substate to ADP

40
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

a process that forms ATP using energy transferred indirectly from a series of redox reactions

41
Q

Glycolysis

A

series of reactions in which a glucose molecule is broken into two pyruvate molecules and energy is released

42
Q

Pyruvate oxidation

A

reaction which pyruvate is oxidized by NAD+, CO2 is removed, forming an acetyl group and releasing NADH

43
Q

citric acid cycle

A

cyclic series of reactions that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP, and FADH2 and releases CO2

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