Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Cellular respiration > Flashcards

Cellular respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Three stages of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

You will find the basketball players’ BLOOD SAMPLES on the

A

Respiratory workbench

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Metabolism can be divided into CATABOLIC and ANABOLIC reactions. How are these connected?

A

Catabolic reactions generate energy that anabolic reactions use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anabolic reactions utilize the energy generated by catabolic reactions to build big molecules such as

A

DNA or proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Captain blood strip into

A

Glucose meter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The captain’s blood glucose concentration is

A

106 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

REGULAR fasting blood glucose concentrations are between

A

72 to 99 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

So it seems the __________ has an AVERAGE fasting level of glucose for someone who ate lots of pasta last night.

A

Captain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Captains blood strip to the

A

Lactic acid meter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The captain’s blood LACTIC ACID concentration is

A

10 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Normal range of lactic acid concentration

A

4.5 to 19.8 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The ________ has not yet exercised intensely

A

Captain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The POINT GUARD’s blood glucose concentration is not as high as the captain’s at

A

70 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The point guard’s blood LACTIC ACID concentration is

A

10 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

These samples are from BEFORE the game started, so both the captain’s and point guard’s BLOOD LACTIC ACID concentrations are

A

Low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

I have a pretty AVERAGE blood glucose concentration of

A

91 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

My blood lactic concentration is also LOW. This means you probably did not come straight to the lab after a vigorous, extended exercise session.

A

10 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

has the HIGHEST blood glucose concentration. That means he has MORE ENERGY RESERVES to use while playing than the point guard.

A

Captain (106 mg/dL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Let’s figure out why this GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION is so important at the

A

Hexagonal holo-table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The first step of cellular respiration is GLYCOLYSIS. It all begins with _________ from the food you eat

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glucose molecule is composed of a backbone of 6 BLACK CARBON ATOMS arranged in a

A

Ring structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oxygen atoms

A

Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hydrogen atoms

A

White

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The first step of glycolysis is the

A

PHOSPHORYLATION of glucose by ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Observe the 3 structural sections of ATP

A
  1. The BLUE NITROGEN ATOMS are part of the ADENOSINE BASE
  2. The MIDDLE RING is a CARBON-RICH RIBOSE RING
  3. The 3 ORANGE PHOSPHATE GROUPS are linked together by HIGH ENERGY BONDS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Click on the END orange phosphate group to watch it be ___________ from the ATP molecule

A

Released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When FREE PHOSPHATE GROUPS are transferred from ATP to other molecules, the molecules become

A

Phosphorylated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Glucose gets phosphorylated by TWO ATP molecules to produce

A

Fructose 1, 6-biphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Notice that two phosphate groups have been added to the SUGAR RING by

A

Two ATP molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The ring of glucose is also rearranged into the PENTAGON structure of

A

Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The FINAL STEP of glycolysis

A

The formation of TWO PYRUVATE molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Each molecule of PYRUVATE contains

A

3 BLACK carbon atoms
2 double bonded RED oxygen atoms
1 single bonded HYDROXYL group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into

A

Two pyruvate molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How many carbon atoms does one molecule of pyruvate contain?

A

Three carbon atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The first step of glycolysis consumes

A

Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Two high energy ATP molecules phosphorylate

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How do ATP molecules store energy?

A

High energy bonds between phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The THREE-PHOSPHATE TAIL of the ATP molecule is responsible for

A

Energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

High energy bonds between the phosphate groups BREAK to allow the energy to be

A

Utilized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Go back to the RESPIRATORY WORKBENCH to answer the

A

Phone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

(Captain) We’ve RECORDED our blood sample values during the

A

Halftime break

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The POINT GUARD’S blood glucose is getting

A

Very low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What drink would you recommend to the point guard?

A

Drink a MALTOSE sports drink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

is a slow-digesting sugar, composed of two glucose molecules, this can provide sustained energy and help to replenish the point guard’s glycogen stores.

A

Maltose

45
Q

Compare your blood glucose samples to those of the basketball players at HALFTIME

A

Still relatively high (88 mg/dL)

46
Q

Second stage of the cellular respiration

A

Krebs cycle

47
Q

After glycolysis, the pyruvate molecules can follow two different metabolic routes:

A

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration

48
Q

What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration DOES NOT need oxygen to occur and aerobic respiration DOES

49
Q

respiration can take place in the PRESENCE or ABSENCE of oxygen.

A

Anaerobic

50
Q

The SECOND STEP of aerobic respiration is the

A

Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle

51
Q

Let’s investigate what happens when one molecule of PYRUVATE enters a

A

Mitochondrion

52
Q

Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion and goes through a PREPARATION STEP resulting in

A

Acetyl-CoA

53
Q

This molecule is then ALTERED through a series of steps called the

A

Krebs cycle

54
Q

Each BLINKING POSITION represents a product of the

A

Krebs cycle

55
Q

In this step, the molecule LOSES A CARBON ATOM. What released molecule contains a SINGLE carbon atom?

A

CO2

56
Q

During this step, NAD+ accepts electrons and becomes reduced. What is the reduced form of NAD+?

A

NADH

57
Q

This molecule is important for the Krebs cycle PREPARATION STEP. What molecule reacts with pyruvate during the Krebs cycle preparation step?

A

CoA or coenzyme A

58
Q

One carbon atom is released. It combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and is released when we breathe out

A

CO2

59
Q

NAD+ becomes reduced by accepting electrons. It then brings the electrons to the electron transport chain

A

NADH

60
Q

This is the only ENERGY-PRODUCING STEP of the Krebs cycle, ADP and a free phosphate bind to produce this important molecule

A

ATP

61
Q

During this step, FAD becomes reduced and accepts electrons. What Is the reduced form of FAD?

A

FADH2

62
Q

What is the NET RESULT of one glucose molecule going through the Krebs cycle?

A

All options

63
Q

Glucose gets converted to two pyruvate molecules that each enter the

A

Krebs cycle

64
Q

So, everything you see on the poster is

A

doubled

65
Q

You will notice that the MAIN PRODUCTS of the Krebs cycle are

A

Electron carriers

66
Q

Electron carriers participate in

A

Redox reactions

67
Q

Why is the Krebs cycle so important if it only produces two ATP molecules?

A

It PRODUCES REDUCING AGENTS for the electron transport chain

68
Q

Electron carriers are ______________. This means that they DONATE ELECTRONS

A

Reducing agents

69
Q

The Krebs cycle produces _______________ molecules that are REDUCING AGENTS and bring electrons to the electron transport chain.

A

8 NADH
2 FADH2

70
Q

Where exactly in a cell does the Krebs Cycle take place?

A

MATRIX of mitochondria

71
Q

What must happen to the pyruvate molecules before entering the Krebs cycle?

A

It has to be OXIDIZED to form acetyl Co-A, 1 CO2 and NADH per molecule

72
Q

The pyruvate molecule must be OXIDIZED to form acetyl Co-A and NADH to go on and form ATP and the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 for the

A

Electron transport chain

73
Q

Third stage of cellular respiration

A

Electron transport chain

74
Q

Let’s dove into the ______________ to follow the electron transport chain

A

Mitochondrion

75
Q

The electron transport chain maintains an _____________________ across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE that stimulates ATP synthesis

A

Electrochemical gradient

76
Q

The electron transport chain is composed of 5 TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS called

A

Complex I, II, III and IV and ATP synthesis

77
Q

are supplied to COMPLEX I from NADH produced during glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

A

2 Electrons

78
Q

These electrons JUMP from REDOX CENTER to REDOX CENTER within

A

COMPLEX I

79
Q

The electrons are eventually transferred to a LIPID embedded in the membrane called coenzyme Q or

A

Ubiquinone

80
Q

Each time an electron jumps to a new redox center, it RELEASES a little bit of

A

Energy

81
Q

Complex I uses this energy to PUMP ____________ from the MATRIX to the INTERMEMBRANE SPACE

A

4 protons

82
Q

Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone) TRANSPORTS the ELECTRONS from complex I to

A

Complex III

83
Q

FADH2 produced during the Krebs cycle brings TWO ELECTRONS to

A

Complex II

84
Q

Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone) BRINGS ELECTRONS from complex I and complex II to

A

Complex III

85
Q

Complex III TRANSFERS ELECTRONS from coenzyme Q to

A

Cytochrome C

86
Q

Complex III also pumps ________ through the membrane into the INTERMEMBRANE SPACE

A

4 protons

87
Q

Cytochrome C brings these electrons to _____________ where OXYGEN is waiting to be the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

A

Complex IV

88
Q

A reaction between the OXYGEN molecule, 4 ELECTRONS and 4 PROTONS results In __________ being produced

A

Water

89
Q

are pumped into the INTERMEMBRANE SPACE. This contributes to the POTENTIAL ENERGY stored in the electrochemical gradient across the membrane

A

2 more protons

90
Q

Since the PROTONS FLOW DOWN THE GRADIENT back to the mitochondrial matrix, they spin the rotor-like portion of

A

ATP synthase

91
Q

This causes a CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE in ATP synthase that CATALYZE the addition of a free phosphate group to an

A

ADP molecule

92
Q

All together, this results in the ______________ that can then be used to power a basketball players cells, muscles and performance

A

Synthesis of ATP

93
Q

To review, NADH from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle BRINGS ELECTRONS to

A

Complex I

94
Q

Complex I uses the energy released from electrons to pump protons through the

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

95
Q

Meanwhile, FADH2 from the Krebs cycle brings electrons to

A

Complex II

96
Q

Electrons from both complex I and complex II are transported to

A

Complex III

97
Q

Protons pumped through the membrane create an

A

Electrochemical gradient

98
Q

In complex IV, oxygen is the

A

Final electron acceptor

99
Q

ATP synthase uses the ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT to

A

Synthesize ATP

100
Q

What is the PRIMARY ROLE of the electron transport chain?

A

To GENERATE A PROTON GRADIENT so the protons can be pumped through ATP synthase to GENERATE ATP

101
Q

What TWO PROCESSES are coupled through the electron transport chain that together make up OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION?

A

Oxidation of electron carriers
Phosphorylation of ADP

102
Q

Electron carriers are oxidized throughout the electron transport chain and the FINAL STEP is the

A

Phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase to produce ATP

103
Q

Which process involves the DIFFUSION OF PROTONS across the mitochondrial membrane?

A

Chemiosmosis

104
Q

Chemiosmosis in the electron transport chain is the DIFFUSION OF PROTONS across the chemical gradient through

A

ATP synthase

105
Q

Why is Electron Transport Chain considered an AEROBIC process?

A

The process required oxygen

106
Q

The electron transport chain is considered an AEROBIC PROCESS because it requires oxygen. In the process, the OXYGEN molecule is CONVERTED INTO

A

Water

107
Q

How are ELECTRONS TRANSPORTED to the membrane at the beginning of the electron transport chain process?

A

By two electron carriers NADH and FADH2

108
Q

The electrons are transported from NADH and FADH2 electron carriers produced during

A

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle

109
Q
A

Biochemistry (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions