Cellular respiration Flashcards
1
Q
Three stages of cellular respiration
A
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
2
Q
You will find the basketball players’ BLOOD SAMPLES on the
A
Respiratory workbench
3
Q
Metabolism can be divided into CATABOLIC and ANABOLIC reactions. How are these connected?
A
Catabolic reactions generate energy that anabolic reactions use
4
Q
Anabolic reactions utilize the energy generated by catabolic reactions to build big molecules such as
A
DNA or proteins
5
Q
Captain blood strip into
A
Glucose meter
6
Q
The captain’s blood glucose concentration is
A
106 mg/dL
7
Q
REGULAR fasting blood glucose concentrations are between
A
72 to 99 mg/dL
8
Q
So it seems the __________ has an AVERAGE fasting level of glucose for someone who ate lots of pasta last night.
A
Captain
9
Q
Captains blood strip to the
A
Lactic acid meter
10
Q
The captain’s blood LACTIC ACID concentration is
A
10 mg/dL
11
Q
Normal range of lactic acid concentration
A
4.5 to 19.8 mg/dL
12
Q
The ________ has not yet exercised intensely
A
Captain
13
Q
The POINT GUARD’s blood glucose concentration is not as high as the captain’s at
A
70 mg/dL
14
Q
The point guard’s blood LACTIC ACID concentration is
A
10 mg/dL
15
Q
These samples are from BEFORE the game started, so both the captain’s and point guard’s BLOOD LACTIC ACID concentrations are
A
Low
16
Q
I have a pretty AVERAGE blood glucose concentration of
A
91 mg/dL
17
Q
My blood lactic concentration is also LOW. This means you probably did not come straight to the lab after a vigorous, extended exercise session.
A
10 mg/dL
18
Q
has the HIGHEST blood glucose concentration. That means he has MORE ENERGY RESERVES to use while playing than the point guard.
A
Captain (106 mg/dL)
19
Q
Let’s figure out why this GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION is so important at the
A
Hexagonal holo-table
20
Q
The first step of cellular respiration is GLYCOLYSIS. It all begins with _________ from the food you eat
A
Glucose
21
Q
Glucose molecule is composed of a backbone of 6 BLACK CARBON ATOMS arranged in a
A
Ring structure
22
Q
Oxygen atoms
A
Red
23
Q
Hydrogen atoms
A
White
24
Q
The first step of glycolysis is the
A
PHOSPHORYLATION of glucose by ATP
25
Observe the 3 structural sections of ATP
1. The BLUE NITROGEN ATOMS are part of the ADENOSINE BASE
2. The MIDDLE RING is a CARBON-RICH RIBOSE RING
3. The 3 ORANGE PHOSPHATE GROUPS are linked together by HIGH ENERGY BONDS
26
Click on the END orange phosphate group to watch it be ___________ from the ATP molecule
Released
27
When FREE PHOSPHATE GROUPS are transferred from ATP to other molecules, the molecules become
Phosphorylated
28
Glucose gets phosphorylated by TWO ATP molecules to produce
Fructose 1, 6-biphosphate
29
Notice that two phosphate groups have been added to the SUGAR RING by
Two ATP molecules
30
The ring of glucose is also rearranged into the PENTAGON structure of
Fructose
31
The FINAL STEP of glycolysis
The formation of TWO PYRUVATE molecules
32
Each molecule of PYRUVATE contains
3 BLACK carbon atoms
2 double bonded RED oxygen atoms
1 single bonded HYDROXYL group
33
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into
Two pyruvate molecules
34
How many carbon atoms does one molecule of pyruvate contain?
Three carbon atoms
35
The first step of glycolysis consumes
Energy
36
Two high energy ATP molecules phosphorylate
Glucose
37
How do ATP molecules store energy?
High energy bonds between phosphate groups
38
The THREE-PHOSPHATE TAIL of the ATP molecule is responsible for
Energy storage
39
High energy bonds between the phosphate groups BREAK to allow the energy to be
Utilized
40
Go back to the RESPIRATORY WORKBENCH to answer the
Phone
41
(Captain) We've RECORDED our blood sample values during the
Halftime break
42
The POINT GUARD'S blood glucose is getting
Very low
43
What drink would you recommend to the point guard?
Drink a MALTOSE sports drink
44
is a slow-digesting sugar, composed of two glucose molecules, this can provide sustained energy and help to replenish the point guard's glycogen stores.
Maltose
45
Compare your blood glucose samples to those of the basketball players at HALFTIME
Still relatively high (88 mg/dL)
46
Second stage of the cellular respiration
Krebs cycle
47
After glycolysis, the pyruvate molecules can follow two different metabolic routes:
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
48
What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration DOES NOT need oxygen to occur and aerobic respiration DOES
49
respiration can take place in the PRESENCE or ABSENCE of oxygen.
Anaerobic
50
The SECOND STEP of aerobic respiration is the
Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle
51
Let's investigate what happens when one molecule of PYRUVATE enters a
Mitochondrion
52
Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion and goes through a PREPARATION STEP resulting in
Acetyl-CoA
53
This molecule is then ALTERED through a series of steps called the
Krebs cycle
54
Each BLINKING POSITION represents a product of the
Krebs cycle
55
In this step, the molecule LOSES A CARBON ATOM. What released molecule contains a SINGLE carbon atom?
CO2
56
During this step, NAD+ accepts electrons and becomes reduced. What is the reduced form of NAD+?
NADH
57
This molecule is important for the Krebs cycle PREPARATION STEP. What molecule reacts with pyruvate during the Krebs cycle preparation step?
CoA or coenzyme A
58
One carbon atom is released. It combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and is released when we breathe out
CO2
59
NAD+ becomes reduced by accepting electrons. It then brings the electrons to the electron transport chain
NADH
60
This is the only ENERGY-PRODUCING STEP of the Krebs cycle, ADP and a free phosphate bind to produce this important molecule
ATP
61
During this step, FAD becomes reduced and accepts electrons. What Is the reduced form of FAD?
FADH2
62
What is the NET RESULT of one glucose molecule going through the Krebs cycle?
All options
63
Glucose gets converted to two pyruvate molecules that each enter the
Krebs cycle
64
So, everything you see on the poster is
doubled
65
You will notice that the MAIN PRODUCTS of the Krebs cycle are
Electron carriers
66
Electron carriers participate in
Redox reactions
67
Why is the Krebs cycle so important if it only produces two ATP molecules?
It PRODUCES REDUCING AGENTS for the electron transport chain
68
Electron carriers are ______________. This means that they DONATE ELECTRONS
Reducing agents
69
The Krebs cycle produces _______________ molecules that are REDUCING AGENTS and bring electrons to the electron transport chain.
8 NADH
2 FADH2
70
Where exactly in a cell does the Krebs Cycle take place?
MATRIX of mitochondria
71
What must happen to the pyruvate molecules before entering the Krebs cycle?
It has to be OXIDIZED to form acetyl Co-A, 1 CO2 and NADH per molecule
72
The pyruvate molecule must be OXIDIZED to form acetyl Co-A and NADH to go on and form ATP and the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 for the
Electron transport chain
73
Third stage of cellular respiration
Electron transport chain
74
Let's dove into the ______________ to follow the electron transport chain
Mitochondrion
75
The electron transport chain maintains an _____________________ across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE that stimulates ATP synthesis
Electrochemical gradient
76
The electron transport chain is composed of 5 TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS called
Complex I, II, III and IV and ATP synthesis
77
are supplied to COMPLEX I from NADH produced during glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle
2 Electrons
78
These electrons JUMP from REDOX CENTER to REDOX CENTER within
COMPLEX I
79
The electrons are eventually transferred to a LIPID embedded in the membrane called coenzyme Q or
Ubiquinone
80
Each time an electron jumps to a new redox center, it RELEASES a little bit of
Energy
81
Complex I uses this energy to PUMP ____________ from the MATRIX to the INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
4 protons
82
Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone) TRANSPORTS the ELECTRONS from complex I to
Complex III
83
FADH2 produced during the Krebs cycle brings TWO ELECTRONS to
Complex II
84
Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone) BRINGS ELECTRONS from complex I and complex II to
Complex III
85
Complex III TRANSFERS ELECTRONS from coenzyme Q to
Cytochrome C
86
Complex III also pumps ________ through the membrane into the INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
4 protons
87
Cytochrome C brings these electrons to _____________ where OXYGEN is waiting to be the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
Complex IV
88
A reaction between the OXYGEN molecule, 4 ELECTRONS and 4 PROTONS results In __________ being produced
Water
89
are pumped into the INTERMEMBRANE SPACE. This contributes to the POTENTIAL ENERGY stored in the electrochemical gradient across the membrane
2 more protons
90
Since the PROTONS FLOW DOWN THE GRADIENT back to the mitochondrial matrix, they spin the rotor-like portion of
ATP synthase
91
This causes a CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE in ATP synthase that CATALYZE the addition of a free phosphate group to an
ADP molecule
92
All together, this results in the ______________ that can then be used to power a basketball players cells, muscles and performance
Synthesis of ATP
93
To review, NADH from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle BRINGS ELECTRONS to
Complex I
94
Complex I uses the energy released from electrons to pump protons through the
Inner mitochondrial membrane
95
Meanwhile, FADH2 from the Krebs cycle brings electrons to
Complex II
96
Electrons from both complex I and complex II are transported to
Complex III
97
Protons pumped through the membrane create an
Electrochemical gradient
98
In complex IV, oxygen is the
Final electron acceptor
99
ATP synthase uses the ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT to
Synthesize ATP
100
What is the PRIMARY ROLE of the electron transport chain?
To GENERATE A PROTON GRADIENT so the protons can be pumped through ATP synthase to GENERATE ATP
101
What TWO PROCESSES are coupled through the electron transport chain that together make up OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION?
Oxidation of electron carriers
Phosphorylation of ADP
102
Electron carriers are oxidized throughout the electron transport chain and the FINAL STEP is the
Phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase to produce ATP
103
Which process involves the DIFFUSION OF PROTONS across the mitochondrial membrane?
Chemiosmosis
104
Chemiosmosis in the electron transport chain is the DIFFUSION OF PROTONS across the chemical gradient through
ATP synthase
105
Why is Electron Transport Chain considered an AEROBIC process?
The process required oxygen
106
The electron transport chain is considered an AEROBIC PROCESS because it requires oxygen. In the process, the OXYGEN molecule is CONVERTED INTO
Water
107
How are ELECTRONS TRANSPORTED to the membrane at the beginning of the electron transport chain process?
By two electron carriers NADH and FADH2
108
The electrons are transported from NADH and FADH2 electron carriers produced during
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
109
