Cellular Respiration Flashcards
what is cellular respiration
cellular respiration is the process during which glucose is broken down to release energy in the form of atp
What are the requirements for cellular respiration
glucose and oxygen
what are the by-products of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide,water and energy in the form of atp
chemical equation for the process of cellular respiration
glucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water+atp
What are the uses of 6 energy
- growth
- movement
- cell division
- maintaining body temperature
- digestion
- active transport against the concentration gradient
Energy as ATP
- Atp is an energy compound
- ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate
What does the Law of conservation of energy say
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but converted from one form to the next
Where does the first stage of cellular respiration take place
in the cytosol outside of the mitochondrion
where does the second and third stage of cellular respiration occur
inside the mitochondrion with the third stage being on the cristae of the mitochondrion
2 types of cellular respiration and explain them
- Aerobic respiration- It requires oxygen
2. Anaerobic respiration- does not require oxygen
The 3 stages in which anaerobic respiration occurs in
glycolysis, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
What happens in glycolysis
- first stage of aerobic respiration
- occurs in the cytosol
- anaerobic phase of aerobic respiration
- glucose is broken down to form moles of pyruvic acid with 3 C-atoms each
- energy rich H-atom + small energy release and stored in atp
- co-enzymes carry the H-atoms to the third phase
what happens in the kreb’s cycle
- aerobic phase
- pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion
- a series of cyclic reactions occur releasing energy rich h-atoms and CO2
- co- enzymes act as h-carrier and carry it to the third phase
what happens during the Oxidative Phosphorylation stage
- occurs in the cristae
- aerobic phase
- energy rich h- atoms from the first and second stage are transfered using the H-transfer system of co-enzymes while releasing energy
- this energy binds a phosphate to a ADP to form ATP
- ATP=energy carries in the cell
- oxygen is the final h-acceptor resulting in 1 0-atom binding with 2 h- atoms
how is the mitochondrion adapted to suit its function for cellular respiration
- Smooth outer membrane to enable movement around the organel
- permeable outer membrane to allow oxygen and pyruvic acid to enter the mitochondrion
- inner membrane folded to for the cristae
- DNA and ribosome are present for the manufacturing of enzymes that are required for manufacturing
what is the other name for anaerobic respiration
fermentation
glucose in not completely broken own during CR. what are the intermediate substance formed during this process
alcohol or lactic acid
Explain the process of the lactic acid fermentation (muscle stiffness during exericise)
- during heavy exercises, muscles do not receive enough oxygen forcing the cells respire anaerobically
- glycolysis occurs, breaking glucose into pyruvic acid releasing small amount of energy
- the pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid , which s released into the muscle cells
- this process is called lactic acid fermentation
- lactic acid=toxic=muscle stiffness and pain
- oxygen is needed to convert lactic acid back to pryruvic acid
how to get rid of muscle stiffness
moderate exercise with deep breathing
explain the process of alcohol/ethanol fermentation
Duing anaerobic respiration in plants:
- glucose is broken down to form pyruvic acid releasing a small amount of energy
- Carbon dioxide is released when pyruvic acid is broken down further , forming ethanol/ alcohol
define biotechnology
biotechnology refers to the process during which biological processes are used for production
explain how yeast is used in the making of wine
- Grapes are crushed
- the crushed grapes and their juices are paced in a fermentation vat
- then yeast is added to the vat
- fermentation now occurs at a controlled temperature
- alcohol and carbon dioxide are released during the fermentation process
- this results in the formation of wine
explain how yeast is used the making of bread
bread is dependent on the fermentation process
- yeast is added to the flour -
- water is added to make a dough
- the starch in the bread is broken down into maltose when water is added
- as the yeast undergoes the respiration, it beaks down the sugar to release energy
- together with energy, it releases carbon dioxide and alcohol
- the alcohol is burnt off during baking
- carbon dioxide causes the bread to rise
- when the bread is baked the high temperature kills the yeast
the type of bacteria used in the making of dairy product
lactic acid bacteria
