biodiversity and classification of microorganisms

Question 1

THE 5 kingdoms

Answer 1

kingdom monera
kingdom protista
kingdom plantae
kingdom fungi
kingdom animalia

Question 2

all organisms that are prokaryotes fall under this kingdom

Answer 2

kingdom monera

Question 3

eukaryotes that are unicellular fall under which kigdom

Answer 3

kingdom protista

Question 4

eukaryotes that are multicellular and autotrophic fall under which kingdom

Answer 4

kingdom plantae

Question 5

eukaryotes that are heterotrophic and multicellular

Answer 5

kingdom fungi - which first digests food then takes it in

kingdom animalia- which takes in food then digests it inside of the body

Question 6

difference between macroscopic and microscopic structures

Answer 6

macroscopic structures- structures that can be seen with the naked eye
microscopic structures- structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye

Question 7

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 7

Prokaryotes- no true nucleus, dna not enclosed by a nuclear membrane,membrane bound organelles are absent
Eukaryotes- true nucleus, dna is enclosed by s nuclear membrane inside the nucleus, membrane bound organelles occur in the cytoplasm

Question 8

several groups of microorganism include

Answer 8

viruses, bacteria,protist and fungi.

Question 9

favourable condition for growth and multiplication for microorganisms includes what

Answer 9

sufficient food, moisture and optimum temperature

Question 10

classifications of viruses

Answer 10

• smaller than bacteria
• has characteristics of both living and non-living organisms
• considered living- they undergo reproduction when they are within cells of a living organisms
• considered non-living- they cannot respire, cannot reproduce on their own, forms crystals and can survive in this form for many years

Question 11

bacteriophage

Answer 11

is a virus that infects bacteria cells

Question 12

the basic structure of a virus

Answer 12

+ microscopic
+ smaller than bacteria and ribosome
+ electron microscope
+ regular shape- spherical, spiral or a rod-like
+ have tails that attach its self to the host
+ outer protein capsule
+ central nucleic acid core
+ contains either DNA or RNA
+ attacks plants/ bacteriophage has RNA
+ attacks animals has DNA OR RNA
+ non-cellular/ acellular because it has no nucleus, cytoplasm or organelles

Question 13

general characterization of viruses

Answer 13

• are parasitic
• host/tissue specific
• pathogens
• e.g measles, aids,rabies, HIV and small pox
• reproduce by converting the host’s nucleic acid when they multiply

Question 14

what causes hiv/aids

Answer 14

AIDS is sexually transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and affects and destroys the CD4-cells

Question 15

how does HIV spread in the body

Answer 15

bodily fluids like semen and blood

• sexual intercourse, blood transfusion of untested blood, sharing of syringes
• from an infected mother to the fetus during pregnancy/childbirth, breastfeeding

Question 16

what is opportunistic infections

Answer 16

are conditions that attacks the body when immune system is weak

Question 17

the effects and symptoms of hiv/aids

Answer 17

1. Window period: the period between the infection and the development of HIV antibodies.lack of symptoms and lasts years
2. Repeated flue-like symptoms: swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits, mouth ulcer, night sweats
3. Opportunistic diseases and death: respiratory infection,pneumonia, epilepsy
4. final stage is known as AIDS. and death can occur

Question 18

effects of HIV/AIDS on children

Answer 18

• Hiv infected babies born into a family where the virus has already had a huge impact
• Bread winner is sick/dies, no income = poverty
• orphans
• siblings may be separated

Question 19

effects of HIV/AIDS on sa’s economy

Answer 19

• disease is common in young and working people and reduces the labour forces especially in the mining industry
• the costs of treatment and care are high

Question 20

how to manage HIV/AIDS

Answer 20

+ testing for the virus in people who are at high risk
+ counselling and treatment for infected people with antiviral drugs
+ strengthening the immune system of infected persons
+ treatment of secondary infections
+ education and the prevention b not having casual sex or using protection such as a condom

Question 21

what causes influenza

Answer 21

influenza virus

Question 22

symptoms of influenza

Answer 22

+sore throat
+ muscular pain
+ headaches
+ coughing

Question 23

management and treatment of influenza

Answer 23

use of vaccines,washing of hands regularly , people who are infected must not cough or sneeze without covering their mouths

Question 24

location n=and classifications of bacteria

Answer 24

• occurs in the air,water and soil
• thrives in damp,moist, dark environments
• optimum temperature:30-37 degree C
• extreme temps: -18 to -70
• aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

Question 25

basic structure of bacteria

Answer 25

* smallest living organism * microscopic, prokaryote and unicellular * occurs in 3 shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirillum, vibro * slime capsule- cell wall- plasmalemma- flagella/pili- cytoplasm- chromatin network- ribosome- food particles

Question 26

general characteristics of bacteria

Answer 26

``` Autotrophic - Photosynthetic bacteria...sunlight - chemo-synthetic bacteria....energy from chemical processes Heterotrophic - parasitic bacteria - saprophytic bacteria -mutualistic bacteria ```

Question 27

how do bacteria reproduce

Answer 27

asexually by binary fission

Question 28

what are the causes of anthrax and how it spreads

Answer 28

it is caused by bacillus anthracis. it spreads by inhalation,wounds and ingestion

Question 29

symptoms of anthrax

Answer 29

severe breathing problems and shock, painless skin ulcer with a black necrotic area in the middle and inflammation of the gastron

Question 30

how do u manage anthrax

Answer 30

* vaccination of stock animals and workers * animal isolation + antibodies * burning bodies of the infected * wash with antimicrobial soap+ burn clothes

Question 31

what are the causes and symptoms of Blight

Answer 31

``` it is caused by several different bacteria Symptoms: * dried up shoots and stalks * flowers that turns black and die * death of entire plant ```

Question 32

how is Blight managed

Answer 32

+ disease-free stock should be planted + disinfecting pf pruning tools + cutting back on dry windless days + burning of affected plant material

Question 33

the causes and symptoms of cholera

Answer 33

causes: vibrio cholerae symptoms: watery diarrhea that leads to dehydration, vomiting

Question 34

how is cholera managed

Answer 34

+ access to lean drinking water + proper sanitation + fluids with added electrolytes to drink + disinfection of surfaces and clothing using chlorine bleach and hot water

Question 35

how is cholera treated

Answer 35

rehydration and antibiotic treatment

Question 36

causes of tuberculosis and how it spreads

Answer 36

Causes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis How it spreads: - by air through coughing or sneezing -confined, overcrowded spaces

Question 37

symptoms of tuberculosis

Answer 37

* weakness * extreme weight loss and appetite * extreme coughing * coughing up blood

Question 38

management and treatment of tb

Answer 38

management: * identification of infected through x-ray, skin test or tissue culture * educatucating the patient regarding the completion of treatment Treatment: * number of drugs over a period of 6 months . Drug-resistant form of tb develops. Tb hospital. * DOTS (Directly observed treatment short course) developed to make sure patients complete their treatment

Question 39

classification and basic structure of protists

Answer 39

+ not the same basic structure + unicellular and microscopic while others are multicellular and microscopic + e.g. protozoa, diatoms,red/brown, green algae + plant-like, animal like, algae + plant like protists: - unicellular ,aquatic environment - autotrophic - free flaty aquatic plant like protists are Phytoplankton - Euglena and Spirogyra + animal like protist: - heterotrophic, aquatic e.g amoeba - some parasitic - free floaty aquatic animal like protist i=are Zooplankton + algae: - multicellular, macroscopic e.g seaweed - various photosynthetic like pigment give color - seaweed may be free-floating or sessile

Question 40

general structure and characteristics of protists

Answer 40

- aquatic and terrestrial - both autotrophic and heterotrophic - different types - slime engulfs their food by a process called Phagocytosis - asexual reproduction by binary fission - sexual and asexual reproduction occurs in other life cyclese.g brown algae

Question 41

what causes malaria and how it spreads

Answer 41

Causes: Plasmodium | How it spreads: female Anopheles mosquitoes that requires both hosts for a full life cycle

Question 42

symptoms of malaria

Answer 42

vomiting, joint pains, abdominal pains and sweating

Question 43

how malaria is managed and treated

Answer 43

``` Management: *staying indoors * use a gauze for windows * use of mosquito repellents on exposed skin * drain standing water Treatment: *anti-malaria drugs * government used to provide health care facilities and spraying DDT ```

Question 44

the effects of malaria on economy

Answer 44

+ cause poverty if bread winner is infected + malaria treatment is expensive in developing countries + places a house on economic burden on the healthcare sector + cost associated with anti-malaria medication, health maintenance centres, prevention of malaria are very high thus developing countries cannot offer those

Question 45

structure and basic characteristic of fungi

Answer 45

1. cell walls 2. no chloroplast thus heterotrophic 3. reproduce by spores 4. spores produced in different parts 5. different food obtainment 6. parasitic 7. saprophytic 8. unicellular e.g yeast 9. multicellular 10. mutualistic 11. reproduction: * unicellular- binary fission * multicellular - asexual thys bt spores thus favourable conditions - sexually thus gametes thus unfavourable conditions

Question 46

rust disease

Answer 46

``` Causes: Fungus symptoms: loss of green color in the leaf , raised rust-like pots on the underside Managements: - planting rust-resistant crops - adding nutrients to the soil/water - sterilization of equipment - fungicide - burning of affected plants ```

Question 47

ringworm disease

Answer 47

Cause: fungus Spread: contact with the affected pets in a home symptoms: itch sore on the skin management: - skin treatment with antifungal ointment - treatment of pets - avoids sharing of clothes with the infected

Question 48

Athlete's foot disease

Answer 48

``` Causes : TINEA PEDIS, feeds on the keratin in the skin thus flaky or cracked skin, thrives in warm ,oist places Management: * keep affected place dry * wash feet well * fungal ointments or powder ```

Question 49

what causes thrust

Answer 49

candida albicans

Question 50

factors that contribute in candida

Answer 50

* warm moist condition * excess use of antibodies * weakened immune systems * bad diet * high stress level;

Question 51

management or treatment

Answer 51

* improved hygiene- fitting clothing and cotton underwear * probiotic * balanced diet * stress level * performed soups and bubble baths