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life sciences gr 11 > biodiversity and classification of microorganisms > Flashcards

biodiversity and classification of microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

THE 5 kingdoms

A 
kingdom monera
kingdom protista
kingdom plantae
kingdom fungi
kingdom animalia
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2
Q

all organisms that are prokaryotes fall under this kingdom

A

kingdom monera

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3
Q

eukaryotes that are unicellular fall under which kigdom

A

kingdom protista

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4
Q

eukaryotes that are multicellular and autotrophic fall under which kingdom

A

kingdom plantae

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5
Q

eukaryotes that are heterotrophic and multicellular

A

kingdom fungi - which first digests food then takes it in

kingdom animalia- which takes in food then digests it inside of the body

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6
Q

difference between macroscopic and microscopic structures

A

macroscopic structures- structures that can be seen with the naked eye
microscopic structures- structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye

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7
Q

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes- no true nucleus, dna not enclosed by a nuclear membrane,membrane bound organelles are absent
Eukaryotes- true nucleus, dna is enclosed by s nuclear membrane inside the nucleus, membrane bound organelles occur in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

several groups of microorganism include

A

viruses, bacteria,protist and fungi.

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9
Q

favourable condition for growth and multiplication for microorganisms includes what

A

sufficient food, moisture and optimum temperature

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10
Q

classifications of viruses

A
  • smaller than bacteria
  • has characteristics of both living and non-living organisms
  • considered living- they undergo reproduction when they are within cells of a living organisms
  • considered non-living- they cannot respire, cannot reproduce on their own, forms crystals and can survive in this form for many years
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11
Q

bacteriophage

A

is a virus that infects bacteria cells

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12
Q

the basic structure of a virus

A

+ microscopic
+ smaller than bacteria and ribosome
+ electron microscope
+ regular shape- spherical, spiral or a rod-like
+ have tails that attach its self to the host
+ outer protein capsule
+ central nucleic acid core
+ contains either DNA or RNA
+ attacks plants/ bacteriophage has RNA
+ attacks animals has DNA OR RNA
+ non-cellular/ acellular because it has no nucleus, cytoplasm or organelles

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13
Q

general characterization of viruses

A
  • are parasitic
  • host/tissue specific
  • pathogens
  • e.g measles, aids,rabies, HIV and small pox
  • reproduce by converting the host’s nucleic acid when they multiply
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14
Q

what causes hiv/aids

A

AIDS is sexually transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and affects and destroys the CD4-cells

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15
Q

how does HIV spread in the body

A

bodily fluids like semen and blood

  • sexual intercourse, blood transfusion of untested blood, sharing of syringes
  • from an infected mother to the fetus during pregnancy/childbirth, breastfeeding
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16
Q

what is opportunistic infections

A

are conditions that attacks the body when immune system is weak

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17
Q

the effects and symptoms of hiv/aids

A
  1. Window period: the period between the infection and the development of HIV antibodies.lack of symptoms and lasts years
  2. Repeated flue-like symptoms: swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits, mouth ulcer, night sweats
  3. Opportunistic diseases and death: respiratory infection,pneumonia, epilepsy
  4. final stage is known as AIDS. and death can occur
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18
Q

effects of HIV/AIDS on children

A
  • Hiv infected babies born into a family where the virus has already had a huge impact
  • Bread winner is sick/dies, no income = poverty
  • orphans
  • siblings may be separated
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19
Q

effects of HIV/AIDS on sa’s economy

A
  • disease is common in young and working people and reduces the labour forces especially in the mining industry
  • the costs of treatment and care are high
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20
Q

how to manage HIV/AIDS

A

+ testing for the virus in people who are at high risk
+ counselling and treatment for infected people with antiviral drugs
+ strengthening the immune system of infected persons
+ treatment of secondary infections
+ education and the prevention b not having casual sex or using protection such as a condom

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21
Q

what causes influenza

A

influenza virus

22
Q

symptoms of influenza

A

+sore throat
+ muscular pain
+ headaches
+ coughing

23
Q

management and treatment of influenza

A

use of vaccines,washing of hands regularly , people who are infected must not cough or sneeze without covering their mouths

24
Q

location n=and classifications of bacteria

A
  • occurs in the air,water and soil
  • thrives in damp,moist, dark environments
  • optimum temperature:30-37 degree C
  • extreme temps: -18 to -70
  • aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
25
Q

basic structure of bacteria

A
  • smallest living organism
  • microscopic, prokaryote and unicellular
  • occurs in 3 shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirillum, vibro
  • slime capsule- cell wall- plasmalemma- flagella/pili- cytoplasm- chromatin network- ribosome- food particles
26
Q

general characteristics of bacteria

A 
Autotrophic
- Photosynthetic bacteria...sunlight
- chemo-synthetic bacteria....energy from chemical processes
Heterotrophic
- parasitic bacteria
- saprophytic bacteria
-mutualistic bacteria
27
Q

how do bacteria reproduce

A

asexually by binary fission

28
Q

what are the causes of anthrax and how it spreads

A

it is caused by bacillus anthracis. it spreads by inhalation,wounds and ingestion

29
Q

symptoms of anthrax

A

severe breathing problems and shock, painless skin ulcer with a black necrotic area in the middle and inflammation of the gastron

30
Q

how do u manage anthrax

A
  • vaccination of stock animals and workers
  • animal isolation + antibodies
  • burning bodies of the infected
  • wash with antimicrobial soap+ burn clothes
31
Q

what are the causes and symptoms of Blight

A 
it is caused by several different bacteria
Symptoms:
* dried up shoots and stalks
* flowers that turns black and die
* death of entire plant
32
Q

how is Blight managed

A

+ disease-free stock should be planted
+ disinfecting pf pruning tools
+ cutting back on dry windless days
+ burning of affected plant material

33
Q

the causes and symptoms of cholera

A

causes: vibrio cholerae
symptoms: watery diarrhea that leads to dehydration, vomiting

34
Q

how is cholera managed

A

+ access to lean drinking water
+ proper sanitation
+ fluids with added electrolytes to drink
+ disinfection of surfaces and clothing using chlorine bleach and hot water

35
Q

how is cholera treated

A

rehydration and antibiotic treatment

36
Q

causes of tuberculosis and how it spreads

A

Causes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
How it spreads:
- by air through coughing or sneezing
-confined, overcrowded spaces

37
Q

symptoms of tuberculosis

A
  • weakness
  • extreme weight loss and appetite
  • extreme coughing
  • coughing up blood
38
Q

management and treatment of tb

A

management:
* identification of infected through x-ray, skin test or tissue culture
* educatucating the patient regarding the completion of treatment
Treatment:
* number of drugs over a period of 6 months . Drug-resistant form of tb develops. Tb hospital.
* DOTS (Directly observed treatment short course) developed to make sure patients complete their treatment

39
Q

classification and basic structure of protists

A

+ not the same basic structure
+ unicellular and microscopic while others are multicellular and microscopic
+ e.g. protozoa, diatoms,red/brown, green algae
+ plant-like, animal like, algae
+ plant like protists:
- unicellular ,aquatic environment
- autotrophic
- free flaty aquatic plant like protists are Phytoplankton
- Euglena and Spirogyra
+ animal like protist:
- heterotrophic, aquatic e.g amoeba
- some parasitic
- free floaty aquatic animal like protist i=are Zooplankton
+ algae:
- multicellular, macroscopic e.g seaweed
- various photosynthetic like pigment give color
- seaweed may be free-floating or sessile

40
Q

general structure and characteristics of protists

A
  • aquatic and terrestrial
  • both autotrophic and heterotrophic
  • different types
  • slime engulfs their food by a process called Phagocytosis
  • asexual reproduction by binary fission
  • sexual and asexual reproduction occurs in other life cyclese.g brown algae
41
Q

what causes malaria and how it spreads

A

Causes: Plasmodium

How it spreads: female Anopheles mosquitoes that requires both hosts for a full life cycle

42
Q

symptoms of malaria

A

vomiting, joint pains, abdominal pains and sweating

43
Q

how malaria is managed and treated

A 
Management:
*staying indoors
* use a gauze for windows
* use of mosquito repellents on exposed skin
 * drain standing water
Treatment:
*anti-malaria drugs
* government used to provide health care facilities and spraying DDT
44
Q

the effects of malaria on economy

A

+ cause poverty if bread winner is infected
+ malaria treatment is expensive in developing countries
+ places a house on economic burden on the healthcare sector
+ cost associated with anti-malaria medication, health maintenance centres, prevention of malaria are very high thus developing countries cannot offer those

45
Q

structure and basic characteristic of fungi

A
  1. cell walls
  2. no chloroplast thus heterotrophic
  3. reproduce by spores
  4. spores produced in different parts
  5. different food obtainment
  6. parasitic
  7. saprophytic
  8. unicellular e.g yeast
  9. multicellular
  10. mutualistic
  11. reproduction:
    * unicellular- binary fission
    * multicellular - asexual thys bt spores thus favourable conditions
    - sexually thus gametes thus unfavourable conditions
46
Q

rust disease

A 
Causes: Fungus
symptoms: loss of green color in the leaf , raised rust-like pots on the underside
Managements: 
- planting rust-resistant crops
- adding nutrients to the soil/water
- sterilization of equipment
- fungicide
- burning of affected plants
47
Q

ringworm disease

A

Cause: fungus
Spread: contact with the affected pets in a home
symptoms: itch sore on the skin
management:
- skin treatment with antifungal ointment
- treatment of pets
- avoids sharing of clothes with the infected

48
Q

Athlete’s foot disease

A 
Causes : TINEA PEDIS, feeds on the keratin in the skin thus flaky or cracked skin, thrives in warm ,oist places
Management:
* keep  affected place dry
* wash feet well
* fungal ointments or powder
49
Q

what causes thrust

A

candida albicans

50
Q

factors that contribute in candida

A
  • warm moist condition
  • excess use of antibodies
  • weakened immune systems
  • bad diet
  • high stress level;
51
Q

management or treatment

A
  • improved hygiene- fitting clothing and cotton underwear
  • probiotic
  • balanced diet
  • stress level
  • performed soups and bubble baths

life sciences gr 11 (10 decks)

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