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life sciences gr 11 > Animal nutrition > Flashcards

Animal nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

five main processes in nutrition

A
  1. ingestion- the intake of food into the alimentary canal
  2. digestion- by chemical and mechanical digestion
  3. absorption- the end product absorbed into the blood steam
  4. assimilation- the cells absorbs the nutrients from the blood and uses it to build new cell structures and compounds
  5. egestion- undigested remains removed through the anus
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2
Q

importance of food

A
  1. provides energy
  2. growth and repair of damaged tissues
  3. regulation of body processes
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3
Q

consumers are divided into 3 groups

A

herbivores, carnivore and omnivores

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4
Q

what is a food web

A

number of food chain that are interlinked

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5
Q

how are the teeth of herbivores adapted for their survival

A
  • incisors are broad and flattened for clipping blades
  • molars and premolars are large and flat for grinding the grass
  • diastema occurs between the incisors and premolars to enable the tongue to move around during chewing
  • canines are absent. if present, the are short and used for protection
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6
Q

how are teeth of carnivores adapted for their survival

A
  • incisors are short and pointed to tear food into small pieces
  • canines are long,curved and pointed to pierce and kill the prey
  • molars are blade shaped , sharp and jaggared
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7
Q

how are teeth of omnivores adapted for their survival

A
  • canines are long pointed and curved

* molars are blade shaped,sharp and flattened

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8
Q

the digestive system is made up of 2 parts

A

the alimentary canal and the associated organs

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9
Q

which parts make up the alimentary canal

A
  1. mouth and the mouth cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine
  7. anus
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10
Q

what makes up the mouth cavity

A
  • 2 lips in front
  • tongue and teeth of lower aw making up the floor of the mouth cavity
  • palate and teeth of upper jaw making up the roof
  • a mucus membrane made up of epithelial connective tissue
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11
Q

define the pharynx

A

it is the area where the nasal passage and the alimentary canal intersect each other
- it serves both the alimentary canal and the respiratory tract

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12
Q

how is the pharynx adapted to suit its function

A
  • the trachea has an opening called the glottis
  • the pharynx leads to the respiratory tract via the glottis with a covering called the epiglottis
  • when swallowing occurs, the glottis is called by the epiglottis preventing food from going down the trachea
  • this prevents choking
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13
Q

the esophagus

A
  • it is a long muscular tube that lies behind the trachea leading from the pharynx to the stomach
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14
Q

the stomach

A

it is a sac like organ with thick muscular walls located in the abdominal cavity below the diaphragm

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15
Q

cardiac sphincter valve

A

the valve between the stomach and the esophagus

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16
Q

pyloric sphincter valve

A

the valve between the stomach and the small intestine

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17
Q

describe the small intestine and gow it is adapted to suit its fuction in details

A
  1. it is a long muscular tube(2,5-4,5 m) that is made up of 3 parts
  2. the 3 parts are the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum
  3. the HEPATIC-PANCREATIC DUCT opens into the duodenum, the first part of the digestive system
  4. jejunum is a small tube found between the duodenum and the ileum
  5. ileum is the last and longest part of the small intestine
  6. the wall of the small intestine are made up of 4 layers :the serosa, muscle layer, submucosa and mucosa
  7. the mucosa is a columnar epithelium tissue with goblet cell and villi
  8. the goblet cells secret mucus and the villi increase the absorption surface area of digestive food
  9. the Cripst of Lieberkuhn and the Brunner Glands secrete an alkali mucus protecting the small intestine from stomach acids burns
  10. the peristalsis movements helps the food to move along the small intestine and ensure that the food is thoroughly mixed with the digestive juices
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18
Q

explain the 4 wall layers of the small intestine

A
  1. serosa- outer most layer
  2. muscular layer- made up of an outer layer of longitudinal muscle and an inner layer of circular muscle
  3. sub-mucosa -made up of connective tissues that include blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
  4. mucosa- the inner most layer that is lines by columnar epithelium with goblet cells and villi
    - goblet cells secrets mucus while the villi increases absorption surface area
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19
Q

Cripst of Lieberkuhn

A

located between the villi

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20
Q

Brunner glands

A

special compound glands located between the villi of the duodenum

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21
Q

function of the mucus in the small intestine

A
  1. serves as lubricant , allowing for the easy movement of food along the small intestine
  2. it also protects the lining of the small intestine from the acidic chyme coming from the stomach
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22
Q

describe the large intestine

A
  • made up of 3 parts,the Caecum ,the Colon and the rectum
  • the caecum is the first part of the large intestine that is a sac-like portion into which the ileum opens into
  • the appendix is attached to the caecum
  • the colon is the second part and is also made up of 3 parts: the ascending colon, the transverse con, the descending colon
  • the rectum is the last past . It opens to the outside via the anus
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23
Q

the Hepato-Pancreatic duct

A

Formed when the pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct

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24
Q

the structure of the tongue

A

the tongue is a movable muscular organ attached at its back

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25
Q

the 5 functions of the tongue

A
  1. it pushes the food between the teeth for chewing
  2. helps in mixing food with saliva
  3. it assists in forming the food into a bolus
  4. helps in swallowing
  5. it has taste buds that serves at taste organs
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26
Q

the number of teeth adults have

A

32

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27
Q

what are the 4 types of teeth

A
  • incisors
  • canines
  • premolars
  • molars
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28
Q

the dental teeth formulae

A
  • tells us the number and type of teeth in 1 half of each jaw
  • 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3
29
Q

how to calculate the total number of teeth in humans

A

(2+1+2+3) x4

multiply one row by 4 after adding them together

30
Q

the number of pointed cups in premolars

A

2

31
Q

the number of pointed cups in molars

A

3-5

32
Q

the 3 types of salivary glands

A
  1. parotid salivary glands (below the ear)
  2. sub-mandibular salivary glands (in the lower jaw)
  3. sublingual salivary glands(under the tongue)
33
Q

why are salivary glands called exocrine glands

A

it is because their secretion are carried by ducts

34
Q

what do salivary glands secrete

A

salivia

35
Q

describe the pancreas

A

it is a tongue shaped gland located below the stomach

36
Q

the 2 type of cells the pancreas is composed of

A
  1. pancreatic cells

2. the islet of Langerhans

37
Q

normal pancreatic cells

A

they secrete the pancreatic juice[ a type of digestive juice]

38
Q

the islets of Langerhans

A
  • they are specialized cells that are found amoung the pancreatic cells
  • they secrete 2 hormones: insulin and glucagon
39
Q

the islets of Langerhans

A
  • they are specialized cells that are found among the pancreatic cells
  • they secrete 2 hormones: insulin and glucagon
40
Q

why are the islets of Langerhans endocrine

A

they secrete insulin and glucagon directly into he blood stream

41
Q

the function of the pancreas

A
  1. secretes pancreatic juice with enzymes which play a role in digestion
  2. secrete insulin and glucagon which controls the blood glucose levels in the body
42
Q

the liver

A

the largest gland in the body that ism located under the diaphragm

43
Q

the number of lobes a liver has

A

2 lobes

the large right lobe and small left lobe

44
Q

liver cells

A

formed from tiny lobules in each liver lobe

45
Q

bile

A

Bile is produced by

46
Q

what do liver cells produce

A

Bile.

it is the transported away from the liver via the common hepatic duct

47
Q

the common bile duct

A

formed when the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct join

48
Q

what are the functions of the liver

A
  • produces bile
  • converts glucose into glycogen
  • stores excess glycogen as fats
  • de-amination occurs when the liver breaks down excess amino acids into urea and glucose
  • acts as a detoxifying organ that absorbs and neutralizes certain toxins
  • stores minerals like Fe and imp. vitamins like K,D,E,
  • liver synthesizes heparin which prevents blood clotting
49
Q

the gall bladder

A
  • it is a muscular sac located below the liver lobes

- it contracts to release bile into the cystic duct when it is stimulated

50
Q

the function of the gall bladder

A

it stores and releases bile that is produced in the liver

51
Q

describe bile in details

A
  • it is a yellow green liquid that alkali and has enzyme
  • secreted by the liver cells stored in the gall bladder
  • when needed…the bile is transported by the common bile duct
52
Q

functions of the bile

A
  1. the water in the bile keeps the food fluid enabling easy movement along the alimentary canal
  2. the bile salts neutralize the acid food coming from the stomach
  3. they also break up the fatty into tiny droplets. this increases the surface area for enzymes action
  4. bile salts helps in the absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamin D,E,A and k
  5. bile prevents the decomposition of food in the alimentary canal because it is antiseptic
53
Q

2 types of digestion

A

mechanical digestion and chemical digestion

54
Q

mechanical digestion

A

it is a physical process that food is broken down into smaller particles

55
Q

explain what happens during mechanical digestion

A
  • mastication-food is broken down into smaller particles by teeth and tongue
  • bolus forming- the chewed food mixed with saliva and rolled into a bolus using the tongue. the tongue pushes the bolus through the pharynx
  • churning movements- these takes place by contracting and relaxing the muscles of the stomach wall
  • peristaltic movements- a rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal
56
Q

chemical digestion

A

it is the breaking down of large insoluble food into smaller, soluble molecules using enzymes by addition of water

57
Q

what is the catalyst chemical digestion reaction known as

A

hydrolysis

58
Q

what is an enzyme

A

it is a biological catalyst that accelerates a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy without being changed by the reaction

59
Q

the role of water during digestion

A
  • acts as a lubricant and facilitates the chewing and swallowing
  • acts as a solvent for the digested food
  • transports digested food
  • it is a medium in which digestion occurs in
  • the reagent for hydrolysis
60
Q

where does most absorption take place

A

small intestine

61
Q

how is the small intestine structurally adapted for maximum absorption

A

+ the length of the small intestine ensures the food remains for long periods,allowing enough time for maximum absorption
+ the transverse folds and a millions of villi in the mucosa of the wall of the small intestine , increase the absorption surfaces
+ the soluble nutrient are mainly absorbed in the villi
+ the villus is structurally adapted for efficient absorption of nutrients

62
Q

how is the villus is structurally adapted for efficient absorption of nutrients

A
  • the columnar epithelium is one cell layer thick for easy and fast diffusion
  • it is richly supplied with blood capillaries for the absorption of glucose, amino acids, vitamins and mineral salts and water
  • has a central lacteal for the absorption of fats
  • goblet cells in the columnar epithelium secrete mucus , a medium in which nutrients can dissolve
  • columnar epithelium has many mitochondria which provides energy for active transport
  • micro-villi increase the absorption surface
63
Q

active transport

A

requires a lot of energy and often is a carrier of molecules as it occurs against the concentration gradient

64
Q

passive transport

A

occurs spontaneously and does not require energy as it occurs down the concentration gradient

65
Q

open the summary table for absorption

A

study it know

66
Q

how are vitamins and minerals transported

A

amino acids and glucose are absorbed into blood capillaries of the villi in the small intestine > capillaries join together to form large venules that forms hepatic portal vein, which transports amino acids and glucose to the liver > glucose and amino acids flows through hepatic vein to the heart > the liver converts excess glucose to glycogen and stores it > excess amino acids are de-aminated by the liver to form urea and are removed from the body

67
Q

what is assimilation

A

it is the corporation of a absorbed nutrients into the cells of the body for building compounds and cell structures from the blood

68
Q

what happens during the assimilation process

A
  • the liver plays a vital role in the assimilation of nutrients
  • the liver is responsible for the metabolism of glucose, de-amination of amino acids, the break down of alcohol ,drugs and hormones
69
Q

what occurs during the process egestion

A
  • large amounts of water are absorbed from from the semi-solid waste in the colon which reduces the liquidity of the content
  • the undigested and indigestible waste(faeces) are temporarily stored in the rectum
  • defecation is the process where muscle contraction of the rectum and relaxation of the circular muscle of the anus cause faeces to be expelled to the outside

life sciences gr 11 (10 decks)

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