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Bio Unit 2 > Cellular Reproduction > Flashcards

Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

The life cycle of the cell. A continuous sequence of cell growth and division.

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2
Q

Why do cells reproduce

A

Growth: Multicellular organisms grow by adding new cells through the process of cell division

Maintenance: Replacement of cells

Repair: Regeneration of damaged tissue

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3
Q

What happens when a cell grows

A

When a cell grows, the volume and surface area of the cell membrane the cell becomes less able to transport large quantities of food and water in and waste out

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4
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

No combination of cellular material occurs, all new cells produced contain the same genetic material as the original cell

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5
Q

What are the cells like compaired to the original in asexual reproduction

A

Identical ( no variation)

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6
Q

What is cell division

A

The process by which cellular material is divided between two new daughter cells

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7
Q

What is genetic material

A

The factor that determines the function and structure of a cell

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8
Q

What is the central feature of the cell cycle

A

The way genetic material is duplicated and passed on from the original cell

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9
Q

What is the genetic material in cells

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

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10
Q

2 forms of DNA

A

Chromatin and Chromosomes

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11
Q

What is chromatin

A

Long, thin, threadlike material, present in this state during interphase

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12
Q

What is chromosomes

A

Small, sausage-like, may be found as a individual chromatid (late stage of cell division) or as paired chromatids (sisters) connected at the centromere

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13
Q

What do all somatic cells contain

A

Homologous pairs

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14
Q

What do the homologous pairs contain

A

One of each chromosome from the mothers egg (maternal chromosomes)

One of each chromosome from the fathers sperm (paternal chromosome)

23 set (46 chromosomes in total)

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15
Q

The similarities and differences between the homologous pairs

A

They are similar in shape and length and responsible for the same types of characteristics

They are different in form (alleles)

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16
Q

What are the three overall stages of the cell cycle

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Cell division
  3. Cytokinesis
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17
Q

What are the 3 parts of interphase

A

G1 Phase (Growth 1)
S Phase (Synthesis)
G2 Phase (Growth 2)

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18
Q

What is the G1 Phase

A
  • The general growth and organelle replication
  • Protein synthesis
  • DNA consists of a single chromatin molecule
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19
Q

What is S Phase

A

Replication of chromosomal material (DNA)

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20
Q

G2 Phase

A

Structures associated with mitosis and cytokinesis are replicated

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21
Q

How much of the cell cycle does interphase account for

A

90%

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22
Q

What is the cell like during interphase

A

The nucleus is well defined and bound by the nucleur membrane and on the outside of the nucleus there are two centrioles

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23
Q

What are the two parts of prophase

A

Early and late

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24
Q

What happens during early prophase in mitosis

A
  1. The chromosomes coil and thicken and become distinct from one another
  2. Each half of the double chromosome is a chromatid
  3. The chromatids are connected by a centromere
  4. The centrioles separate and start moving to opposite ends of the cell - a spindle made of microtubules begin to form
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25
What happens during late prophase
1. The nuclear membrane fragments and the microtubules invade the nuclear area, the spindle fully forms 2. The pairs of chromatids become attached to the fibers of the spindle 3. The centrioles have moved to the opposite pole
26
What is a spindle
A structure that will help separate the chromosomes.
27
What happens during metaphase
1. The centrioles are now at opposite sides of the cell 2. The chromosomes move to the center of the cell 3. The centromeres are on the equator
28
What is each chromosome attached to during the metaphase
a Spindle
29
What happens during the Anaphase
1. The chromatids separate at the centromere 2. The microtubules begin to shorten and this pulls the chromatids apart to opposite sides of the cell 3. By the end, the two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete sets of chromosomes.
30
What happens during Telophase
1. Chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell 2. Chromosomes uncondense to form chromatin 3. The cell begins to pinch in - called a cleavage furrow. This is the start of cytokinesis
31
What is cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm
32
How does the cytoplasm split
The cell membrane pinches to form two distinct cell
33
What does cytokinesis end with
The separation of the two genetically identical daughter cells
34
What are the five phases of mitosis
1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase 5. Interphase
35
How many chromosomes does the meiosis process start with
46
36
What is Diploid
2 sets of chromosomes in each cell
37
What is haploid
Cell containing half the # of chromosomes
38
Polar bodies
The division of cytoplasm being asymmetrical
39
Two parts in meiosis
Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2
40
What is the big difference between meiosis and mitosis
Leading to four haploid cells instead of two diploid in mitosis
41
What happens in interphase
The chromosomes replicate Two identicle sister chromatids are held together by a centromere
42
What happens during prophase 1
Contents of the nucleus become visible (DNA strands shorten and thicken) Chromatin --> Chromosomes Centrioles seperate and movee to opposite poles Spindle fibers start to appear Chromosomes pair with corresponding homologue Crossing over occurs
43
Metaphase 1
Tetrads like up at the center of the cell Centromeres on the equator Spindle fibers attach to centromeres
44
Anaphase 1
Homologous pairs separate and move to opposite sides of the cell (Segregation) Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres Should be 23 doubled chromosomes at each pole Chromosome remains double stranded
45
Crossing over
Synapsis occurs, the homologous pairs line up creating a tetrad which then break and exchange segments
46
What is synapsis
When the homologous pairs line up side by side
47
Telophase 1
Chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell Chromosomes do not uncondense to form chromatin Nuclear envelope reappears
48
Prophase 2
The cell moves directly to metaphase since there is no DNA replication no formal organization of the nucleus
49
Metaphase 2
Pairs of sister chromatids line up at the center Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres
50
Anaphase 2
Chromatids separate at the centromeres and mover to opposite poles of the cell Should be 23 single stranded chromosomes at each pole
51
Telophase 2
Chromosomes at opposite ends of cell uncondense to form chromatic Nucleur envelope reappears
52
What is gametogenesis
The formation of ova and sperm follow the process of meiosis, specialize according to their function.
53
What is spermatogenesis
Process of sperm production
54
What is Oogenesis
Process of egg production
55
What are sperm designed for
Movement
56
What are eggs designed for
Nourshing the zygote
57
What is nondisjunction
When chromosomes don't separate during anaphase- one of the daughter cells lack information, one will have too much
58
What is trisomy
One too many chromosomes
59
What is monosomy
One too few chromosomes
60
What is a Karyotype
The evaluation of the chromosomal composition of cells in an embryo, fetus or full-grown organism
61
What is cloning
Process in which identical offspring are formed from a single cell or tissue
62
How are the cells formed in cloning
They are identical
63
What is budding
Nucleus of an organism's cell divides equally Cytoplasm of an organism's cell divides unequally
64
Binary Fission
Both the nucleus and cytoplasm are split equally
65
What is sporulation
The production of spores
66
What is regeneration
The development of an entire new organism from part of an orginal organism
67
Vegetative Progation
Regeneration in plants Complete new plants develop from part of the original plant
68
What is cancer
Rapid, uncontrolled growth of cells
69
Abnormal Growth
Without the signals of the body directing growth
70
Tumors
Monoclonal - one transformed cell dividing rapidly
71
Metastisis
The spreading of cancer cells through the body
72
Cancer cells
Lost the ability to differentiate and carry out cell processes
73
Parthenogenosis
The ability to produce embryo without fertilising an egg with a sperm

Bio Unit 2 (4 decks)

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