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Bio Unit 2 > Cellular Reproduction > Flashcards

Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

The life cycle of the cell. A continuous sequence of cell growth and division.

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2
Q

Why do cells reproduce

A

Growth: Multicellular organisms grow by adding new cells through the process of cell division

Maintenance: Replacement of cells

Repair: Regeneration of damaged tissue

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3
Q

What happens when a cell grows

A

When a cell grows, the volume and surface area of the cell membrane the cell becomes less able to transport large quantities of food and water in and waste out

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4
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

No combination of cellular material occurs, all new cells produced contain the same genetic material as the original cell

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5
Q

What are the cells like compaired to the original in asexual reproduction

A

Identical ( no variation)

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6
Q

What is cell division

A

The process by which cellular material is divided between two new daughter cells

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7
Q

What is genetic material

A

The factor that determines the function and structure of a cell

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8
Q

What is the central feature of the cell cycle

A

The way genetic material is duplicated and passed on from the original cell

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9
Q

What is the genetic material in cells

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

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10
Q

2 forms of DNA

A

Chromatin and Chromosomes

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11
Q

What is chromatin

A

Long, thin, threadlike material, present in this state during interphase

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12
Q

What is chromosomes

A

Small, sausage-like, may be found as a individual chromatid (late stage of cell division) or as paired chromatids (sisters) connected at the centromere

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13
Q

What do all somatic cells contain

A

Homologous pairs

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14
Q

What do the homologous pairs contain

A

One of each chromosome from the mothers egg (maternal chromosomes)

One of each chromosome from the fathers sperm (paternal chromosome)

23 set (46 chromosomes in total)

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15
Q

The similarities and differences between the homologous pairs

A

They are similar in shape and length and responsible for the same types of characteristics

They are different in form (alleles)

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16
Q

What are the three overall stages of the cell cycle

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Cell division
  3. Cytokinesis
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17
Q

What are the 3 parts of interphase

A

G1 Phase (Growth 1)
S Phase (Synthesis)
G2 Phase (Growth 2)

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18
Q

What is the G1 Phase

A
  • The general growth and organelle replication
  • Protein synthesis
  • DNA consists of a single chromatin molecule
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19
Q

What is S Phase

A

Replication of chromosomal material (DNA)

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20
Q

G2 Phase

A

Structures associated with mitosis and cytokinesis are replicated

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21
Q

How much of the cell cycle does interphase account for

A

90%

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22
Q

What is the cell like during interphase

A

The nucleus is well defined and bound by the nucleur membrane and on the outside of the nucleus there are two centrioles

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23
Q

What are the two parts of prophase

A

Early and late

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24
Q

What happens during early prophase in mitosis

A
  1. The chromosomes coil and thicken and become distinct from one another
  2. Each half of the double chromosome is a chromatid
  3. The chromatids are connected by a centromere
  4. The centrioles separate and start moving to opposite ends of the cell - a spindle made of microtubules begin to form
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25
Q

What happens during late prophase

A
  1. The nuclear membrane fragments and the microtubules invade the nuclear area, the spindle fully forms
  2. The pairs of chromatids become attached to the fibers of the spindle
  3. The centrioles have moved to the opposite pole
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26
Q

What is a spindle

A

A structure that will help separate the chromosomes.

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27
Q

What happens during metaphase

A
  1. The centrioles are now at opposite sides of the cell
  2. The chromosomes move to the center of the cell
  3. The centromeres are on the equator
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28
Q

What is each chromosome attached to during the metaphase

A

a Spindle

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29
Q

What happens during the Anaphase

A
  1. The chromatids separate at the centromere
  2. The microtubules begin to shorten and this pulls the chromatids apart to opposite sides of the cell
  3. By the end, the two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete sets of chromosomes.
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30
Q

What happens during Telophase

A
  1. Chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell
  2. Chromosomes uncondense to form chromatin
  3. The cell begins to pinch in - called a cleavage furrow. This is the start of cytokinesis
31
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm

32
Q

How does the cytoplasm split

A

The cell membrane pinches to form two distinct cell

33
Q

What does cytokinesis end with

A

The separation of the two genetically identical daughter cells

34
Q

What are the five phases of mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
  5. Interphase
35
Q

How many chromosomes does the meiosis process start with

A

46

36
Q

What is Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes in each cell

37
Q

What is haploid

A

Cell containing half the # of chromosomes

38
Q

Polar bodies

A

The division of cytoplasm being asymmetrical

39
Q

Two parts in meiosis

A

Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2

40
Q

What is the big difference between meiosis and mitosis

A

Leading to four haploid cells instead of two diploid in mitosis

41
Q

What happens in interphase

A

The chromosomes replicate
Two identicle sister chromatids are help together by a centromere

42
Q

What happens during prophase 1

A

Contents of the nucleus become visible (DNA strands shorten and thicken)

Chromatin –> Chromosomes

Centrioles seperate and movee to opposite poles

Spindle fibers start to appear

Chromosomes pair with corresponding homologue

Crossing over occurs

43
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Tetrads like up at the center of the cell

Centromeres on the equator

Spindle fibers attach to centromeres

44
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs separate and move to opposite sides of the cell (Segregation)

Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres

Should be 23 doubled chromosomes at each pole

Chromosome remains double stranded

45
Q

Crossing over

A

Synapsis occurs, the homologous pairs line up creating a tetrad which then break and exchange segments

46
Q

What is synapsis

A

When the homologous pairs line up side by side

47
Q

Telophase 1

A

Chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell

Chromosomes do not uncondense to form chromatin

Nuclear envelope reappears

48
Q

Prophase 2

A

The cell moves directly to metaphase since there is no DNA replication

no formal organization of the nucleus

49
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Pairs of sister chromatids line up at the center

Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres

50
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Chromatids separate at the centromeres and mover to opposite poles of the cell

Should be 23 single stranded chromosomes at each pole

51
Q

Telophase 2

A

Chromosomes at opposite ends of cell uncondense to form chromatic

Nucleur envelope reappears

52
Q

What is gametogenesis

A

The formation of ova and sperm follow the process of meiosis, specialize according to their function.

53
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

Process of sperm production

54
Q

What is Oogenesis

A

Process of egg production

55
Q

What are sperm designed for

A

Movement

56
Q

What are eggs designed for

A

Nourshing the zygote

57
Q

What is nondisjunction

A

When chroomosomes don’t separate during anaphase- one of the daughter cells lack information, one will have too much

58
Q

What is trisomy

A

One too many chromosomes

59
Q

What is monosomy

A

One too few chromosomes

60
Q

What is a Karyotype

A

The evaluation of the chromosomal composition of cells in an embryo, fetus or full-grown organism

61
Q

What is cloning

A

Process in which identical offspring are formed from a single cell or tissue

62
Q

How are the cells formed in cloning

A

They are identical

63
Q

What is budding

A

Nucleus of an organism’s cell divides equally
Cytoplasm of an organism’s cell divides unequally

64
Q

Binary Fission

A

Both the nucleus and cytoplasm are split equally

65
Q

What is sporulation

A

The production of spores

66
Q

What is regeneration

A

The development of an entire new organism from part of an orginal organism

67
Q

Vegetative Progation

A

Regeneration in plants
Complete new plants develop from part of the original plant

68
Q

What is cancer

A

Rapid, uncontrolled growth of cells

69
Q

Abnormal Growth

A

Without the signals of the body directing growth

70
Q

Tumors

A

Monoclonal - one transformed cell dividing rapidly

71
Q

Metastisis

A

The spreading of cancer cells through the body

72
Q

Cancer cells

A

Lost the ability to differentiate and carry out cell processes

73
Q

Parthenogenosis

A

The ability to produce embryo without fertilising an egg with a sperm

Bio Unit 2 (3 decks)

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