Cellular Regulation

Question 1

Cell Membrane

Answer 1

1. Protective covering A. Holds cell shape & contents 2. Allows materials in & out of the cell 3. Holds individual ID markers(antigens)-antigens are specific to each person

Question 2

Cytoplasm

Answer 2

1. Protects the cell & its contents in a watery soup 2. Adults=50-65% water 3. Child=75% water. Greater risk for dehydration

Question 3

Nucleus & Nucleolus

Answer 3

1. The brain of the cell 2. Regulates & directs activities of the organelles of the cell 3. Contains chromosomes which hold our DNA 4. Nucleolus major FNC is to synthesize RNA That form ribosomes

Question 4

Ribosomes

Answer 4

1. Assist in the production of enzymes & other proteins needed for cell repair & reproduction

Question 5

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 5

1. Rough has proteins attached to it & synthesizes it 2. Smooth synthesizes lipids & steroids

Question 6

Mitochondria

Answer 6

1. Produces ATP 2. THE CELLS Power Plant 3. Provides 95% of bodies energy needs for: A. Cellular repair B. Movement C. Reproduction 4. Enzymes in the mitochondria take 02 & turn it into energy. The more 02 the more ATP.

Question 7

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 7

1. The post office of the cell 2. Envelopes protein synthesized in the ER by the ribosomes in order to be secreted outside of the cell.

Question 8

Lysosomes

Answer 8

1. Stomach of the cell 2. Vescicles that contain powerful enzymes that cleans up intercellular debris & other waste. 4. Phagocyte

Question 9

DNA & Genes

Answer 9

1. 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 all together) 2. Holds about 6’ of DNA 3. DNA made of nucleotides: A, G, T, & C 4. Order of nucleotides translates to FNT of cells

Question 10

Factors Affecting Cellular Regulation

Answer 10

1. Hyperplasia 2. Metaplasia 3. Dysplasia 4. Anaplasia

Question 11

Hyperplasia

Answer 11

1. Increase in number or density of normal cells 2. Responds to stress 3. Increase metabolic demands or 4. Elevated levels!s of hormones 5. Under normal DNA control

Question 12

Metaplasia

Answer 12

1. Cells ceases.entiate into Cell types not normally found @ that location in the body. 2. Cells are under normal DNA control & Are reversable when the Stressor ceases

Question 13

Dysplasia

Answer 13

1. Loss of DNA control over differentiation. 2. Cells show abnormal Variations in size, shape, appearance & arrangement.

Question 14

Anaplasia

Answer 14

1. Regression of cell to immature or undifferentiated cell type 2. No DNA control 3. Not reversible 4. Considered full blown cancer.

Question 15

Cancer

Answer 15

1. Can be benign or metastic, depending on location & ability to spread to other areas of the body. 2. Reproduce much faster 3. Reproduce in highly vascular areas 4. Requires increased nutritional support to flourish

Question 16

Cancer Tx

Answer 16

1. Chemotherapy 2. Radiation 3. Surgical resection 4. Herbs & supplements 5. Massage therapy 6. Guided imagery

Question 17

Anemia

Answer 17

1. Results from insufficient intake or use of chemicals required to produce new RBC’s 2. Result is an inadequate RBC count, causing symptoms related to inadequate oxygen-carrying capability

Question 18

Anemia Tx

Answer 18

1. Aimed @ increasing intake of mussing nutrient/chemical required to promote RBC prodution 2. Administer medication to stimulate RBC production in bone marrow 3. Blood transfusion

Question 19

What is Leukemia?

Word breakdown: Leuk = White Blood Cell; Emia = Lack/Low/Deficient.

Answer 19

A form of cancer causing excessive & rapid formation of immature WBC’s that do not function as more mature WBC’s would.

Question 20

Leukemia Tx

Answer 20

1. Chemotherapy 2. Radiation 3. Bone marrow transplant 4. Herbs/supplements 5. Message therapy 6. Guided imagery

Question 21

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 21

RBC’s are formed in a sickle cell shape, increase risk risk for clumping in small capillaries & resulting in reduced blood flow to the tissues

Question 22

Sickle Cell Anemia Tx

Answer 22

1. Chemotherapy 2. Hydration 3. Hydration 4. Pain management 5. Blood transfusion

Question 23

Polycythemia

Answer 23

Excess production of RBC’s results in very viscous blood, increasing risk for cerebrovascular accident (CVA), venous stasis, & clotting disorders.

Question 24

Polycythemia Tx

Answer 24

1. Encourage client to donate blood 2. Smoking cessation 3. Maintain hydration 4. Plebotomy

Question 25

Common Physical Assessment Procedures to Examine Cellular Health

Answer 25

1. Change in bowel/bladder habits 2. Sore throat that doesn’t heal 3. Unusual bleeding/discharge 4. Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere 5. Indigestion/difficulty swallowing 6. Change in wort/mole 7. Nagging cough/hoarsness

Question 26

DX/Labs Determining Cell Regulation status

Answer 26

1. Biopsy 2. Bone marrow aspiration 3. CT 4. MRI 5. PET 6. X-Ray 7. Ultrasound 8. CBC 9. Serum Chen panel 10. Tumor markers 11. Urinalysis 12. Lumbar puncture

Question 27

Cell Cycle

Answer 27

1. Mitosis 2. Meiosis 3. Differentiation

Question 28

Mitosis

Answer 28

1. Process of making new cells 2. Takes place in tissues 3. Cell division heals wounds 4. Replace cells lost daily on skin surface/lining of GI & respiratory tracts 5. Responsible for development, zygote into 2 daughter cells

Question 29

Meiosis

Answer 29

1. Reproduction division of the cell 2. Occurs only in sex cells of testes/ovaries-results in formation of sperm/oocyte 3. Genetic material reduced to 1/2 (23)

Question 30

Differentiation

Answer 30

Normal process occurring over many cell cycles that allow cells to specialize in certain tissues