Cellular Physiology 3

Question 1

ADH

Answer 1

Antidiuretic Hormone
(hypothalamus–>pit gland–>causes kidney to release LESS water in the pee).

Question 2

SIADH

What type of atremia and what’s the conc of sodium, extracellular v and intracellular v?

Answer 2

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion: body produces too much ADH. Body is retaining water.

Hyponatremia- overhydration
2.Low Plasma Na+ (hypo)
3.High Extracellular Volume (over-hydration)
4.High Intracellular Volume (hypo)

Question 3

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 3

Excessive thirst even after drinking and lots of urine.

Hypernatremia – dehydration
2. High plasma Na+ concentration (hyper)
3. Low extracellular volume (dehydrated)
4. Low intracellular volume (hyper)

Question 4

Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)

Answer 4

Decreases aldosterone secretion, also kidneys can’t reabsorb sodium.

Hyponatremia – dehydration
2. Low plasma Na+ concentration
3. Low extracellular volume
4. High intracellular volume

Question 5

Dehydration on its own

Answer 5

Inadequate consumption of water
1. High plasma Na+ concentration
2. Low extracellular volume
3. High intracellular volume

Question 6

How is H+ concentration regulated? (General)

Answer 6

acid-base buffering mechanisms in blood, cell, lungs, kidneys.
H+ levels are kept as a low level, and its concentration only varies about 1 millionth.
(As much as the normal variation of Na+)

Most acids and bases in the extracellular fluid that are involved in normal acid-base regulation are weak acids and bases.

Question 7

Acids

Answer 7

like to donate hydrogen ions/protons
HCl, H2CO3

Question 8

Base

Answer 8

Like to accept H+/protons
HCO3-, HPO42-
Protein Hb in RBCS have a net negative charge= accet protons.

Question 9

Acidosis

Answer 9

Too much H+ to body fluids

Question 10

Alkalosis

Answer 10

Excess removal of H+ from body fluids

Question 11

Weak Acid

Answer 11

less likely to dissociate into their ions and release H+ with less vigor (Ex: H2CO3)

Question 12

Weak Base

Answer 12

Binds to H+ much more weakly than OH- (ex: HCO3-).

Question 13

Arterial Blood pH

Answer 13

7.4
Anything under=acidosis
Anything over=alkalosis

Question 14

Venous blood and Interstitial Fluids pH

Answer 14

7.35

Extra amounts of Co2 forming H2CO3.

Question 15

Intracellular pH

Answer 15

6.0-7.4

slightly below bc metabolism of cells=acid h2co3 that dissociate

Question 16

Urine pH

Answer 16

4.5-8.0

Depends on extracellular fluid (arterial,venous,interstitial fluid)

Question 17

Stomach acid pH

Answer 17

0.8

Much needed to digest!

Question 18

Major Buffering System 1: Chemical Acid-Base Buffer System

Answer 18

Immediately combine with acid or base to prevent excessive H+ concentration changes.

Question 19

Major Buffering System 2: Respiratory Center

Answer 19

Remove co2 from ecf

Question 20

Major Buffering System 3: Kidneys

Answer 20

excrete acidic or alkaline urine to readjust H+ concentration during acidosis or alkalosis

Question 21

Bicarbonate Buffering System
a.Add in a strong acid–>what organ?
b.Add in a strong base–>what organ?

Answer 21

Strong Acid added (HCl) : If Increase in H–>increase in Co2–>stimulate respiration to elimate this (with water byproduct).

Strong base added (oh-): combines with H2CO3 to make hco3–>reacts with Na+. This decreases CO2 in blood, but inhibits respiration/decreases rate of CO2 expiration. Rise in HCO3-=renal excretion.

H2CO3=weak acid

Question 22

What is the most effective pKa for the bicarbonate buffer system?

Answer 22

6.1 (Range: 5.1-7.1)

Question 23

Phosphate Buffering System

Main Players (2), What two places?, Strong Acid/Base Addition

Answer 23

-Main players: H2PO4-, HPO42-
-Buffers renal tubular fluid (high phosphate and lower pH) /intracellular fluid (high phos in cell, lower ph than ECH).
-Strong acid added–>NaH2PO4 (weak acid)–>dec.in ph
-Strong base–>Na2HPO4–>inc in pH.
-pk: 6.8

Question 24

Protein Buffer

Answer 24

-Plentiful, high concentration
-inside cells, 60-70%
-H+ and HCO3- diffuse slowly into the cell
-pKs of protein systems=close to intracellular pH.

Question 25

What’s the important protein buffer in RBC?

Answer 25

Hb (H+ + Hb <–>HHB)

Question 26

Acid-Base Balance via Kidneys

Answer 26

https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/video/overview-of-the-role-of-the-kidneys-in-acid-base-balance#:~:text=The%20kidneys%20have%20two%20main,they%20balance%20the%20bloodstream’s%20pH.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88dHypAATzQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnQm6CrquXw

Question 27

Which anion/cations are measured in the clinical lab? (Others termed: unmeasured)

Answer 27

Na+, Cl-, HCO3-

Question 28

Anion Gap

Answer 28

When anion and cation con are not equal.
How many more cations there are than anions.
And increase in this gap= more unmeasured anions.

(Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, albumin, phosphate, sulfat).

Question 29

What is the usual range for the anion gap?

Answer 29

8-16 mEq/L
Represents how many unmeasured anions there are (due to Cl and HCO3 not being 100% representative of the anion majority).

Question 30

Increased Anion Gap/ Increased Unmeasured Anions/ Normocholermia could be do to

Answer 30

DM/Ketoacidosis, Lactic Acidosis, Chronic Renal Failure, Aspirin poisoning (acetylsalicylic acid), methanol poisoning, ethylene glycol poisoning, starvation

Question 31

Normal Anion Gap/ Hyperchloemia could be due to

Answer 31

Diarrhea, rental tubular acidosis, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, addison’s disease

Question 32

Video on this

Answer 32

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDOibiRtM5k