ANS Flashcards
Where do the sympathetic nerve fibers originate from in the spinal cord?
T1-L2, then they go into the chain before they reach the tissues
For the gut: t5-l2
Where in location is the ganglion for sympathic nervous system?
Close to the CNS
How do parasympathic messages leave the CNS?
CN III,VII,XI,X + Sacral Portion
Where is the ganglion located for parasympathics?
Close to the organ it effects
Is Acetylcholine parasymp or symp?
Parasympathic
Is Norepinephrine para or symp?
Sympathetic
Are preganglionic neurons for para/symp cholinergic or adrenergic?
cholinergic
Are postganglionic neurons for para/symp cholinergic or adrenergic?
Para Post: cholinergic (ach)
Symp post: adrenergic (secrete norepinephrine)
What is the major exception for postganglionic neurons?
Postganglionic neurons to SWEAT GLANDS and BLOOD VESSELS are cholinergic, even if its a sympathetic message.
What are varicosisties and what do they usually store?
Various swellings in the axons of postganglionic neurons that release neurots (ACH) along length of axon. Ach can also be synthesized in terminal endings of CHOLINERGIC nerve fibers.
Where is norepinephrine made?
Begins in axoplasm of **adrenergic **nerve terminal and completed inside secretory vesicles. Comes from Tyr–>DOPA–>Dopamine–>NE.
What ion influx causes the terminals to empty their neurotransmitter contents into the exterior/synaptic cleft?
Ca2+
How is Achcholine removed after release?
Acetylcholinesterase (enzyme) cleaves into acetate and choline. Choline is transported back into the terminal and recycled.
How is NE removed? What enzymes destroy it?
Either reuptake into nerve endings (via negative feedback),** diffusion** away from nerve endings, or destruction by enzymes (monoamine oxidase (MAO) or catechol-O-methyl transferase)
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
Muscarinic and Nicotinic
What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?
alpha and beta!
Where are muscarinic receptors found?
On effector cells, upon which postganglionic neurons effect (end with)
What type of signaling do muscarinic receptors use?
G-protein signaling
Where are nicotinic receptors found?
between pre and post autonomic ganglion
What type of receptors are nicotinic?
ligand-gated ION channels, “ionotropic”
What type of signaling pathway do the adrenergic receptors/ alpha-beta use?
G-protein, same as muscarinic receptors!
What g-protein is associated with alpha-1?
Gq
What g-protein is associated with alpha-2
Gi- inhibitory, inactivation of adenylyl cyclase–> (dec in cAMP)–>cell motility but no growth
What g-protein is associated with beta receptors?
Gs (activation/”stimulation” of adenylyl cyclase, inc in cAMP, activation of PKA, and cell growth/motility
What type of nt + tissue is alpha 1 associated with?
Mainly norepinephrine stimulated sympathic response; mainly smooth muscle.
What type of symptoms are created from an alpha-1 receptor?
Effects on Blood vessels, eyes, GI tract, energy?
Vasocontriction (increases blood flow in fight/flight), Iris dilation or mydriasis (see better in fight/flight), intestinal relaxation (no digesting in that moment), smooth muscle contraction: intestinal sphincter and bladder sphincter contraction (no pooping/peeing), glycogenolysis/ gluconeogenesis (to produce energy)
What type of effects come from an alpha-2 receptor?
It inhibits NE release at the** pre-synpatic membranes.** (the rest of the receptors are post-synpatic in location). Inhibits insulin secretion.
What type of nt + tissue is beta 1 associated with?
Mainly epinephrine (although epinephrine can also excite alpha); for a “betta” heart, think **cardiac ** tissue and justaglomeralus cells of kidneys.
What type of effects come from an beta-1 receptor?
It’s stimulated by epinephrine, so you get increase in heart rate, myocardial strength pumping/contractibility, increase AV conduction, and increase in **RENIN **from juxtaglom kidneys to boost blood pressure. Also lipolysis to produce energy from burning fat.
What type of effects come from an beta-2 receptor?
nore/epinephrine binding to b2 causes the effector tissue to like “stop” in order for a sympathetic response to occur/ relaxes/ its inhibitory in fashion within the symp world.
The effector tissues are the same as alpha-1, smooth muscle, organs, and glands.
Main things:** vasodilation,bronchodilation**, inhibits insulin secretion, intestinal relaxation like alpha1, uterus relaxation, calorigenesis, bladder wall relaxation (no peeing), glycogenlysis (energy).
What effects do beta 3 have?
Thermogenesis, adipose tissue,lipolysis
Isopotenal= ne> epi.
Good video breakdown of adrengenic receptors?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIjPl1jhQLI
Ciliary muscle in symp vs parasym?
Ciliary muscle is relaxed in symp (bigger pupils), and constrcited in parasym (smaller pupil, no need to see much when resting).
Do glands secrete in symp or parasymp? The exception?
Parasymp, there’s an exception.
Exception is Sweating when **sympathic signals cause HIGH sweating **and parasymp only contribute to a little sweating on palms/hands.
What are apocrine glands?
Glands in skin in armpits, groin, area around nipples. “Scent” glands w/oder.
Apocrine glands symp vs parasym
Apocrine glands secrete via a sympathic signaling (thick,odoriferous secretion.
Coronary blood vessels symp vs parasym and recepor associated? *Unique!
Symp on beta 2= vasodilation to get more blood there and symp on alpha1=vasoconstriction… Parasymp= dilation.
Usually, in peripheral blood vessels, symp mean vasoconstriction alone
Coronary vessels are what type of receptor?
Beta-2. Because beta-1 deal with heart cells themselves.
Symps on gut lumen? Symps on sphincters?
Decreased peristalsis and tone; and increased tone.
Liver symp vs parasymp?
Symp: glucose is RELEASED (body needs energy), Parasym: glycogen synthesis (rest/digest/absorb/store)
Gallbladder and bile ducts on parasymps?
When you need to digest something, GB is contracted to contribute to bile enzymes to help digest food
Kidney on symp?
Increase in RENIN (inc’s bp) production and decreased urine
Bladder detrusor vs trigone (anatomy)
The detrusor is the body wall muscule, the trigone is near the end.
Bladder detrusor symp vs parasymp?
Bladder trigone symp vs parasymp?
Detrusor contracts in parasymp to pee.
Trigone relaxes in parasym to pee.
(opposite for symp)
Penile erection symp vs parasym?
Erection is caused by the parasympathetic nervous system, and ejaculation is caused by the sympathetic nervous system.
Abdominal viscera symp vs parasym
Symp: constricted
Parasym:higher motility
Muscle piloerector (causes goosebumps) symp vs parasym
Symp: contracted, parasym:non
Skeletal muscle symp
increased glycogenolysis/strength, to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels
Coagulation symp vs para
symp: increased (1. The body’s blood clotting ability also increases to prevent excess blood loss in the event of injury.)
Blood glucose symp vs parasym
symp:increased, more energy
Blood lipids/cholesterol
Symp: increased
Basal metabolism symp vs parasym
Symp: increased
Fat cells symp vs parasym
symp: lyoplysis/fat burning/increased
Adrenal medullary secretion symp vs parasymp
Symp: increased, released hormones that initiate fight/flight.
Epinephrine (aka adrenaline), and norepinephrine( noradrenaline)
