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Cancer > Cellular Pathology Of Cancer > Flashcards

Cellular Pathology Of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define metaplasia

A

A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

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2
Q

What cell type is usually metaplastic?

A

Epithelial

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3
Q

State some features of cancer which can be seen in dysplasia

A 
Large and hyperchromatic nuclei
Increase mitoses
Absent mitoses
Increased nuclei-cytoplasmic ratio
Loss of architectural orientation
Loss of uniformity of individual cells.
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4
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

An abnormal pattern of growth in which some of the cellular and architectural features of malignancy are present.

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5
Q

Is dysplasia invasive?

A

No

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6
Q

What is the basement membrane of dysplasic tissues like?

A

Still intact

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7
Q

What are the two different types of benign epithelial tumour?

A

Papillomas and adenomas

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8
Q

Which diseases are dysplasia common in?

A 
Cervix - HPV infection
Bronchus - smoking
Colon - ulcerative colitis
Larynx - smoking
Stomach - pernicious anaemia
Oesophagus - acid reflux
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9
Q

Differences between low grade and high grade dysplasia

A

They both show changes of dysplasia but the changes are more severe in high-grade dysplasia
High-grade has a high risk of progression to cancer

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10
Q

What are neoplasias?

A

An abnormal, autonomous proliferation of cells unresponsive to normal growth control mechanisms

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11
Q

What are the differences between benign and malignant tumours?

A

benign tumours:

  1. do not invade, do not metastasise
  2. encapsulated
  3. usually well differentiated
  4. slowly growing
  5. normal mitoses
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12
Q

When are tumours fatal?

A
  • in a dangerous place - meninges, pituitary
  • secretes something dangerous - insulinoma
  • gets infected - bladder
  • bleeds - stomach
  • ruptures - liver adenoma
  • torts (gets twisted) - ovarian cyst
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13
Q

When is a tumour malignant?

A
  1. Invade surrounding tissues
  2. Spread to distant sites
  3. No capsule
  4. Well to poorly differentiated
  5. Rapidly growing
  6. Abnormal mitoses
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14
Q

What is a metastasis?

A

A discontinuous growing colony of tumour cells, at some distance from the primary cancer

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15
Q

What do metastases depend on?

A

The lymphatic and vascular drainage of the primary site

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16
Q

What does lymph node involvement in metastases usually mean?

A

Poorer prognosis

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17
Q

What are well differentiated tumours characterised by?

A
  • a small number of mitoses
  • lack of nuclear pleomorphism
  • a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
  • relatively uniform nuclei
  • close resemblance to the corresponding normal tissue
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18
Q

What are papillomas

A

Benign epithelial tumours of surface epithelium.

19
Q

What are adenomas

A

Benign epithelial tumours of glandular epithelium

20
Q

What are carcinomas

A

A malignant tumour derived from epithelium

21
Q

What are benign soft tissue tumours?

A

Benign tumours within and between muscles, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels.

22
Q

What are sarcomas

A

A malignant tumour derived from connective tissue (mesenchymal cells)

23
Q

What are sarcomas of fat called?

A

Liposarcoma

24
Q

What are sarcomas of bone called?

A

Osteosarcoma

25
Q

What are sarcomas of cartilage called?

A

Chondrosarcoma

26
Q

What are sarcomas of striated muscle called?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

27
Q

What are sarcomas of smooth muscle called?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

28
Q

What are nerve sheath sarcomas called?

A

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour

29
Q

What are leukaemias

A

A malignant tumour of bone marrow derived cells which circulate in the blood

30
Q

What are lymphomas

A

A malignant tumour of lymphocytes usually in the lymph nodes

31
Q

What are teratomas

A

A tumour derived from germ cells, which has the potential to develop into tumours of all three germ cell layers

  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
32
Q

What are the sex differences in gonadal teratomas?

A

In males - all malignant

In females - most benign

33
Q

What is a hamartoma

A

Localised overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ

34
Q

What are characterisation of cells in a hamartoma

A

Mature but architecturally abnormal cells

35
Q

Give two examples of metaplasia, one pathological and one physiological

A

Barrett’s Oesophagus – gastro-oesophageal reflux can change the stratified squamous epithelium of the distal oesophagus to simple columnar
Cervix during pregnancy – the cervix opens up and the columnar epithelium of the endocervical canal is exposed to the acidic uterine fluids making it squamous

36
Q

What are the two types of metaplasia that can take place in Barrett’s Oesophagus?

A

Gastric metaplasia – stratified squamous to simple columnar

Intestinal metaplasia – goblet cells begin to appear

37
Q

What are the different types of carcinoma

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma (transitional epithelium found in the bladder)
Adenocarcinoma

38
Q

What are some types of benign soft tissue tumour

A

Osteoma - bone
Lipoma - fat
Leiomyoma - smooth muscle.

39
Q

What group of the population is hamartomas common in

A

In children, and the hamartoma usually stops growing when children stops growing.

40
Q

What is the difference between grading and staging?

A

Grading - how well differentiated the cancer is
Staging - how far the cancer has spread
Staging > grading

41
Q

What is meant by the degree of differentiation?

A

How much the tumour cells resemble the cells from which they are derived

42
Q

What are the grading system for breast and prostate cancer?

A

Breast - Nottingham scoring system

Prostate - Gleason classification

43
Q

What is the term to tumours that show little or no differentiation

A

Anaplastic

Cancer (8 decks)

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