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language of anatomy > cellular level organization set 2 > Flashcards

cellular level organization set 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two classes of cells found in the human body?

A

sex cells and somatic cells

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2
Q

What are the two main lipids found in the structure of the plasmalemma?

A

cholesterol and phospholipids

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3
Q

Centrioles __________.

  1. are found in pairs, except during cell division.
  2. have a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubules
  3. are found in all animal cells capable of
    undergoing cell division
  4. All of the listed responses are true.
A

All of the listed responses are true.

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4
Q

Hollow tubes in the cytoskeleton that give the cells strength and rigidity and anchor organelles are the __________

A

microtubules

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5
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is __________.

A

the site of lipid synthesis

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6
Q

Lysosomes contain?

A

digestive enzymes

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7
Q

What type of ribosome can be found attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

fixed ribosomes

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8
Q

What is the continuous movement and exchange of membrane sections called?

A

membrane flow

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9
Q

The TCA cycle __________.

  1. is aerobic
  2. is important in ATP production
  3. occurs inside mitochondria
  4. All of the listed responses are true.
A

All of the listed responses are true.

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10
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of microtubules?

  1. change the shape of the cell
  2. form the mitotic spindle
  3. form microvilli
  4. serve as a monorail system to move vesicles
    or organelles
  5. form centrioles and cilia
A

form microvilli

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11
Q

Which of these statements about the cytoplasm and cytosol is FALSE?

Cytosol has a relatively high concentration of potassium ions.

Cytosol is a colloid with a consistency between that of maple syrup and almost-set gelatin.

Masses of insoluble materials in the cytosol, or inclusions, include glycogen and lipids.

Carbohydrates in the cytoplasm are usually broken down to provide energy for metabolism.

Cytosol has a relatively high concentration of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates.

A

Cytosol has a relatively high concentration of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates.

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12
Q

Which of these statements about the cytoskeleton is FALSE?

Microtubules assemble and disassemble as needed to change the shape of a cell.

The keratin filaments of skin cells are intermediate filaments.

Actin microfilaments interact with thick filaments of myosin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.

Microfilaments are the primary components of the cytoskeleton, anchoring organelles in place.

Microtubules are hollow tubes formed from the protein tubulin.

A

Microfilaments are the primary components of the cytoskeleton, anchoring organelles in place.

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13
Q

Which of these statements about chromosome structure is FALSE?

The nucleoli contain genetic information for building the ribosomal RNA.

Each chromosome contains DNA strands bound to histone proteins, which help package the DNA.

Most of the DNA of a nucleus is concentrated in nucleoli when it is uncoiled.

DNA strands wound around histone proteins form structures called nucleosomes.

A

Most of the DNA of a nucleus is concentrated in nucleoli when it is uncoiled

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14
Q

The process resulting in the assembly of a functional protein from messenger RNA is called __________

A

translation

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15
Q

The process by which messenger RNA is formed from DNA is called __________

A

transcription

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16
Q

Which of these statements is NOT correct?

Protein synthesis is directly under the control of information from DNA nucleotide sequences, as transcribed into mRNA.

Control of metabolic processes by the information in DNA is indirect, because it is the enzymes, not the metabolic processes, which are controlled by the DNA.

A polyribosome is the structure formed when ribosomes bind to endoplasmic reticulum.

Mutations are permanent alterations in a cell’s DNA affecting the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes.

A

A polyribosome is the structure formed when ribosomes bind to endoplasmic reticulum.

17
Q

Why is the cell membrane said to be selectively permeable?

A

It allows the free passage of some materials and restrict the passage of others.

18
Q

The movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is an example of __________.

A

diffusion

19
Q

The movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is an example of __________

A

osmosis

20
Q

A solution that contains a solute concentration greater than that in a cell is said to be __________.

A

hypertonic

21
Q

Hemolysis occurs when a red blood cell is placed in __________.

A

a hypotonic solution

22
Q

The effects of various osmotic solutions on cells is called?

A

tonicity

23
Q

Which of these statements about osmosis is FALSE?

Water flows by osmosis across a membrane toward the solution with the higher solute concentration.

Osmosis is important in the body in fluid shifts that counter severe alterations in water content.

Hydrostatic pressure is a force generated by pushing against a fluid, and it can be used to oppose osmotic pressure and measure it.

Normal saline, with 0.9 g/dL of NaCl in water, can be used as a blood volume extender because it is isotonic to blood cells.

The osmotic pressure of a solution increases as the amount of water in it increases.

A

The osmotic pressure of a solution increases as the amount of water in it increases.

24
Q

Facilitated diffusion is a process in which a

A

molecule is carried across a membrane w/ the help of membrane-bound carriers

25
Q

Active transport is a process that requires

A

ATP to pump molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient

26
Q

Exocytosis is a process in which

A

vesicles formed inside the cell fuse w/ cell membrane and discharge their contents outside the cell

27
Q

What membrane transport mechanism requires ATP?

A

pinocytosis

28
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the Na+/K+ exchange pump?

A

Three Na+ ions are exchanged for every two K+ ions

29
Q

If a large, lipid-insoluble solute wanted to move passively through the plasmalemma, which transport mechanism would it need to use?

A

facilitated diffusion

30
Q

Which of the following statements about membrane permeability is FALSE?

The only basis on which membrane permeability to a substance is regulated is the electrical charge of the substance.

Carrier-mediated transport may use either passive or active processes.

Cell membranes are described as selectively permeable because they permit passage of some materials and restrict passage of other materials.

Active processes require the use of energy from the cell, usually in the form of ATP.

Vesicular transport is always an active process.

A

The only basis on which membrane permeability to a substance is regulated is the electrical charge of the substance.

31
Q

Which of these statements about transmembrane potential is FALSE?

Transmembrane potentials in neurons average about 0.070 volts more negative inside the cell membrane than outside it.

Changes in the transmembrane potential can be used to transfer information or trigger muscle contraction.

The transmembrane potential of a cell is the result of equal distribution of ions and charges on both sides of the cell membrane.

A transmembrane potential contains potential energy that can be changed or used to do work in a cell.

The average transmembrane potential of a neuron is about −70 mV.

A

The transmembrane potential of a cell is the result of equal distribution of ions and charges on both sides of the cell membrane.

32
Q

In which phase of interphase does DNA replication take place?

A

S

33
Q

What are the stages of mitosis, in the correct order?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

34
Q

Genetically controlled cell death is called __________.

A

apoptosis

35
Q

What does M-phase promoting factor do

A

It triggers the start of mitosis

36
Q

Which of these statements about cancer is FALSE?

Secondary tumors are metabolically active and can stimulate the growth of blood vessels into the area.

Cells in a benign tumor have stopped responding to normal controls over their activities and locations.

Cancer is a disease characterized by malignant cells, which often change shape and size.

Malignant cells contain oncogenes that affect cell growth, differentiation, or division.

Malignant cells are able to invade nearby tissue and metastasize to distant locations.

A

Cells in a benign tumor have stopped responding to normal controls over their activities and locations.

language of anatomy (9 decks)

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