Cellular level

Question 1

Basic living, structural, and functional unit of the body.
● Basic living unit of all organisms.

Answer 1

cell

Question 2

Specialized structures within the cells; possess characteristic shapes.
● Perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction.

Answer 2

organelles

Question 3

Programmed cell death.
● Process by which cell numbers within various tissues are adjusted and controlled.
● Eliminates damaged or potentially dangerous cells, virus-infected cells, and potential cancer
cells.

Answer 3

apoptosis

Question 4

Process by which cells develop with specialized structures and functions.
● Some portions of DNA are active, but others are inactive; Active and inactive sections of DNA
differ with each cell type.

Answer 4

differentiation

Question 5

chromosomes dispense

Answer 5

telophase

Question 6

chromosome separate

Answer 6

anaphase

Question 7

chromosome align

Answer 7

metaphase

Question 8

chromatic condense

Answer 8

prophase

Question 9

Parent cell divides to form 2 daughter cells with the same amount and type of DNA as the
parent cell.

Answer 9

mitosis

Question 10

two x chromosomes

Answer 10

female

Question 11

x chromosomes and y chromosomes

Answer 11

male

Question 12

remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes

Answer 12

autosomes

Question 13

Each cell of the human body (except sex cells) contains 46 chromosomes; sex cells have half
the number of chromosomes as other cells

Answer 13

cell life cycle

Question 14

formation of daughter cells from a single parent cell

Answer 14

cell division

Question 15

– nondividing phase; DNA is replicated; two strands of DNA separate from
each other, and each strand becomes a template for the production of new DNA; at the
end of interphase, a cell has 2 complete sets of genetic material.

Answer 15

interphase

Question 16

sequence of nucleotides providing set of instructions for making a specific protein.

Answer 16

gene

Question 17

DNA contains the information that directs protein synthesis; DNA influences the structural and
functional characteristics of the entire organism because it directs protein synthesis.

Answer 17

gene expression

Question 18

Process that takes place when secretory vesicles move to the cell membrane, where the
membrane of the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, and the material in the vesicle is
eliminated from the cell.

Answer 18

exocytosis

Question 19

membrane-bound sacs, accumulate materials for release from the cell.

Answer 19

secretory vesicles

Question 20

Uptake of material through the cell membrane by formation of a vesicle; cell membrane folds
inward to form a vesicle containing the material to be taken into the cell. INHIBITS SPECIFICITY

Answer 20

endocytosis

Question 21

Involves active transport of one substance
(Ex: Na+
) across the cell membrane; diffusion
of that transported substance down its
concentration gradient provides the energy
to transport a second substance

Answer 21

secondary active transport

Question 22

diffusing substance moves in
the same direction as the transported
substance.

Answer 22

cotransport

Question 23

diffusing substance
moves in a direction opposite to that of the
transported substance.

Answer 23

countertransport

Question 24

Carrier-mediated transport process.
● Moves substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of
higher concentration; against a concentration gradient.

Answer 24

active transport

Question 25

Carrier-mediated transport process. ● Moves substances across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Answer 25

facilitated diffusion

Question 26

proteins involved in carrier-mediated transport mechanisms; move large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged ions across the cell membrane● Exhibit specificity

Answer 26

carrier molecules

Question 27

– lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water relative to the cytoplasm; less osmotic pressure than the cell, causing it to swell.

Answer 27

hypotonic solution

Question 28

concentrations of solutes and water are the same on both sides of the cell membrane; cell neither shrinks nor swells.

Answer 28

isotonic solution

Question 29

solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water relative to the cytoplasm of the cell; results to cell shrinkage or crenation.

Answer 29

hypertonic solution

Question 30

force required to prevent movement of water across the membrane.

Answer 30

osmotic pressure

Question 31

Diffusion of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration.

Answer 31

osmosis

Question 32

limit the movement of ions by opening and closing

Answer 32

gated channels

Question 33

constantly allow ions to pass through

Answer 33

leak channels

Question 34

difference in concentration of a chemical from inside to the outside of the plasma membrane

Answer 34

concentration gradient

Question 35

Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration of solute to an area of lower concentration of the same solute in solution.

Answer 35

diffusion

Question 36

requires energy (ATP)

Answer 36

active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

Question 37

does not need energy (ATP); diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Answer 37

passive membrane transport

Question 38

– found in greater concentrations intracellularly

Answer 38

Enzymes, glycogen, potassium ions

Question 39

– not firmly embedded in the membrane; attached to polar heads of membrane lipids, or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane

Answer 39

peripheral proteins

Question 40

extend into or through the lipid bilayer; firmly embedded in the lipid bilayer; most are transmembrane proteins (span the entire lipid bilayer, protrude into both cytosol and extracellular fluid)

Answer 40

integral proteins

Question 41

lipids with attached carbohydrate groups

Answer 41

glycolipids

Question 42

steroid with attached –OH group -gives added strength and stability by limiting amount of movement of phospholipids

Answer 42

cholesterol

Question 43

– lipids containing phosphorus -not stationary but able to move

Answer 43

phospholipids

Question 44

– specialized extensions of the cell membrane supported by microfilaments; increase surface area; abundant on surface of cells that line the intestine, kidney. -THEY DO NOT ACTIVELY MOVE AS CILIA AND FLAGELLA DO

Answer 44

microvilli

Question 45

structure similar to cilia but are much longer; occur only one per cell (Example: sperm cell - has flagellum allows the cell to be prokel)

Answer 45

flagella

Question 46

numerous on surface cells that line the respiratory tract -cylindrical structure that extends on cells

Answer 46

cilia

Question 47

small, cylindrical organelle with nine triplets; each triplet consists of three microtubules joined together

Answer 47

centriole

Question 48

specialized zone of cytoplasm, close to nucleus, site of microtubule formation; contains two centrioles (perpendicular to each other)

Answer 48

centrosomes

Question 49

fibrils; smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger than microfilaments; mechanical support ex: keratin - protein associated with skin cells

Answer 49

intermediate filaments

Question 50

small fibrils formed from protein subunits, structurally support the cytoplasm, involved with cell movement

Answer 50

microfilaments

Question 51

– hollow structures formed from protein subunits; support cytoplasm, assist in cell division, component of some organelles (cilia, flagella)

Answer 51

microtubules

Question 52

● Proteins supporting the cell; holds organelles in place; enable the cell to change shape

Answer 52

cytoskeleton

Question 53

site of ATP (ENERGY OF CELL) With inner and outer membranes separated by a space. ● Outer membranes – smooth ● Inner membranes – numerous folds (cristae) mitochondrial matrix - Material within inner membrane more energy=more mitochondria in cell

Answer 53

mitochondria

Question 54

small, membrane-bound vesicles; contain enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide.

Answer 54

peroxisomes

Question 55

– membrane-bound vesicles formed from Golgi apparatus; contain various enzymes that act as intracellular digestive system.

Answer 55

lysosomes

Question 56

● 3 to 10 cisternae; Closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs Entry (cis) face – cisterna facing the rough ER Exit (trans) face – cisterna facing the plasma membrane Medial cisternae – between entry and exit faces ● Collects, modifies, packages, and distributes lipids and protiens produced by the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 56

golgi apparatus

Question 57

Network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules; extends from nuclear envelope , projects throughout the cytoplasm

Answer 57

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 58

– with ribosomes attached to it; involved in synthesizing proteins for export from the cell

Answer 58

RER

Question 59

synthesize fatty acids, and steroids (estrogen, testosterone); detoxification of chemicals within cells

Answer 59

SER

Question 60

Sites of protein synthesis

Answer 60

ribosomes (free ribosomes-not attached)

Question 61

Contains most of the cell’s hereditary information, called genes. ● Human somatic (body) cells; 46 chromosomes (23 inherited from each parent)

Answer 61

nucleus

Question 62

function in producing ribosomes; sites of rRNA synthesis

Answer 62

nucleoli (nucleulus-singular)

Question 62

– double membrane; separates nucleus from the cytoplasm

Answer 62

nuclear envelope

Question 63

controls movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Answer 63

nuclear pore

Question 64

functions of the cell

Answer 64

cell metabolism and energy use synthesis of molecules communication reproduction

Question 65

plasma membrane outermost component fluid mosaic model selectively permeable

Answer 65

cell membrane

Question 66

substances outside the cell

Answer 66

extracellular substances

Question 67

substances inside the cell

Answer 67

intracellular substances

Question 68

phosphate containing end hydrophilic-water loving face away from the fluid on either side of membrane face the extracellular and intracellular fluids of cell

Answer 68

polar head

Question 69

tails of phospholipid fatty acid ends hydrophobic- water fearing at the center of phospholipid by layer

Answer 69

nonpolar tail

Question 70

membrane channels, carrier molecules enzymes and structural support on membrane

Answer 70

membrane protein

Question 71

forms a pore through which specific ion can flow

Answer 71

ion channel (integral protein)

Question 72

transports specific substance across membrane by undergoing change in shape

Answer 72

carrier (integral)

Question 73

recognizes ligand and alters cells function in some ways

Answer 73

receptor (integral)

Question 74

catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell

Answer 74

enzyme (integral and peripheral)

Question 75

anchors filaments inside and outside plasma membrane

Answer 75

linker (integral and peripheral)

Question 76

distinguish cell from anyone else

Answer 76

cell identity marker (glycoprotein)

Question 77

used in endocytosis, cell-eating, solid particles

Answer 77

phagocytosis

Question 78

cell drinking contain liquid

Answer 78

pinocytosis

Question 79

direct protein synthesis and influence entire organism

Answer 79

DNA

Question 80

complimentary copy of information in DNA strand needed to make protein

Answer 80

transcription