cellular injury and repair Flashcards

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1
Q

why does cell injury happen?

A

result of stress where cels can no longer adapt or also when they are exposed to damaging chemicals

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2
Q

what can injury result in the reduced production of?

A

ATP, which causes sodium potassium pumps to be effected and damaged which means they can no longer function.

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3
Q

what does this result in?

A

increased amount of water entering the cells, which in turn causes swelling in the effected area

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4
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

when cells increase as a resuly of increases mitosis, this isnt cancer but can become it

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5
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

when cells increase in cell size, if there is enough then the whole organ will increase in size

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6
Q

what is atrophy

A

the opposite of hypertrophy, where cells decrease in size and the whole organ can decrease in size

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7
Q

what is bruising caused by?

A

it is a hype of hematoma, localised bleeding of the tissue and occurs when capillaries are damaged due to trauma

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8
Q

what is metaplasia

A

when cells of a certain type are replaced by another type which may be less differentiated.

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9
Q

what is necrosis

A

chaotic cell death

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10
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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11
Q

what is apoptosis caused by

A

caused by stimuli eg killer t cell signalling, this is an immune response to cancer or viral infections
or tissue shedding and turn over.

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12
Q

what are things that cause necrosis

A

caused by disturbance to cell membranes, eg electrical shocks, blunt trauma, radiation trauma, temperature extremes. can also happen when there is oxygen stress, which prevents respiration
and infectious toxins

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13
Q

does apoptosis need ATP to occur

A

yes it does

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14
Q

does necrosis ned atp to occur

A

no it occurs when atp is lacking

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15
Q

how can apoptisis be useful?

A

it is programmed to happen, helps to replace cells in active tissue, protective against cancer cells.

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16
Q

what happens after cell death in necrosis

A

explosion release lysomes, neighbouring cells are damaged leading to further cell death

17
Q

what are 3 responses to tissue injury

A

inflammation,blood clotting,regeneration

18
Q

how does blood clotting occur

A

happens when there is damage to blood vessels,thromboplasin is released by platelets,this catalyses and makes a enxyme called thrombin.
this creates fibrin fibres that form a mesh and attach to platelets, this the is a blood clot.

19
Q

what is inflammation

A

it is where tissue fluid is accumulated when damage has happened to capillaries, plasma proteins leak out of tissue fluid followed by water.
can cause heat and pain also

20
Q

what is ischemia

A

occurs when there is not enough blood supply to a part of the body

21
Q

what is hypoxia

A

low oxygen in the bloodw

22
Q

what is anoxia

A

no oxygen in the blood at all

23
Q

what can be the cause of ischemia, hypoxia and anoxia

A

blood clots that have formed in the arteries, or narrowing of the arteries, stroke, can lead to necrosis of cells in that area

24
Q

what is chronic diabetes

A

condition where the body no longer controls blood sugar levels, can lead to atrophy

25
Q

what are pressure sores

A

injury to skin when there is constant pressure over bones, eg bones that can be seen thru skin and do not have much fat to cushion them are more prone to pressure sores.

26
Q

what can burst blood vessels lead to

A

internal bleeding if extreme

27
Q
A