Cellular Injury, Adaptation and Death

Question 1

Define pathophysiology.

Answer 1

study of changes in structure and function in cells/tissues/organs due to disease

Question 2

Define diagnosis.

Answer 2

identification of a disease or disorder

Question 3

Define pathogenesis.

Answer 3

the progress of a disease

Question 4

Define etiology.

Answer 4

the cause or origin for disease

Question 5

What are the different categories of etiology?

Answer 5

1) idiopathic
2) congenital
3) genetic
4) acquired
5) iatrogenic

Question 6

Define idiopathic etiology.

Answer 6

of unknown cause

Question 7

Define congenital etiology.

Answer 7

caused by abnormal development in utero, problem is present at birth

Question 8

Define genetic etiology.

Answer 8

caused by a problem with genes, may not be present at birth

Question 9

Define acquired etiology.

Answer 9

acquired after birth (postnatal) due to pathogens, toxins, injury…

Question 10

Define iatrogenic etiology.

Answer 10

result of a treatment or procedure, ex. side effect of a med, UTI from catheter

Question 11

What does predisposition mean?

Answer 11

something that enhances the risk of/promotes the development of disease

Question 12

What does acute mean in reference to a disease?

Answer 12

rapid onset or short duration (usually less than 3 months)

Question 13

What does chronic mean in reference to a disease?

Answer 13

long duration (usually 3 or more months), can have a rapid or insidious onset

Question 14

What are manifestations?

Answer 14

Signs and symptoms of a disease

Question 15

What does subclinical mean?

Answer 15

not present/detected clinically, pathology is present but there are no obvious manifestations

Question 16

What is a lesion?

Answer 16

A local pathological tissue change from the normal histology.

Question 17

What is therapy?

Answer 17

treatment to enhance recovery

Question 18

What does prognosis mean?

Answer 18

possibility of a recovery

Question 19

What does atrophy mean?

Answer 19

decrease in tissue mass due to a decrease in cell number or cell size

Question 20

What does hyperplasia mean?

Answer 20

increase in tissue mass due to an increase in cell number

Question 21

What does hypertrophy mean?

Answer 21

enlarged tissue mass due to an increase in cell size

Question 22

What is metaplasia?

Answer 22

when one normal tissue is replaced by another normal tissue

Question 23

What is dysplasia?

Answer 23

increase division of cells yielding cells that vary in size, shape and organization, can result in loss of function, can be precancerous

Question 24

What is anaplasia?

Answer 24

undifferentiated cells (do not take form of the normal cells in the tissue it is in), causes a loss of function and is almost always cancer

Question 25

What is apoptosis?

Answer 25

programmed cell death

Question 26

What is necrosis?

Answer 26

premature cell death due to injury, abnormal

Question 27

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 27

attracting cells by way of chemicals

Question 28

What is margination?

Answer 28

when leukocytes stop and stick to the endothelium in a particular area

Question 29

What is diapedesis?

Answer 29

also called emigration, when leukocytes move from the blood vessel out into the tissue space

Question 30

What is hyperemia?

Answer 30

above normal blood volume in vessel

Question 31

What is the rouleau formation?

Answer 31

when RBCs aggregate and “stack,” is increased during inflammation and serves to slow blood down in capillaries

Question 32

What is symptomatology?

Answer 32

collection of signs and symptoms, can be characteristic of a particular disease and therefore can be used to make a diagnosis

Question 33

What is fever?

Answer 33

an elevated body temperature caused by a change to the temperature set point in the hypothalamus

Question 34

What five variables affect the extent of cell injury?

Answer 34

1) injurious agent
2) intensity
3) duration
4) loss of perfusion?
5) cell type

Question 35

What three basic problems can injury cause?

Answer 35

1) deficiency
2) intoxication
3) trauma

Question 36

What are three common mechanisms of injury?

Answer 36

1) hypoxia - deficiency of oxygen affects ATP production, causes lactic acid build up if cells make ATP anaerobically
2) free radicals - fragments of chemicals that are toxic and reactive, interfere with cells
3) calcium ion imbalance - enter cell (from outside and from mitochondria) when cell injured, causes inappropriate activation of enzymes, leads to cell damage