Cellular Injury, Adaptation and Death Flashcards
Define pathophysiology.
study of changes in structure and function in cells/tissues/organs due to disease
Define diagnosis.
identification of a disease or disorder
Define pathogenesis.
the progress of a disease
Define etiology.
the cause or origin for disease
What are the different categories of etiology?
1) idiopathic
2) congenital
3) genetic
4) acquired
5) iatrogenic
Define idiopathic etiology.
of unknown cause
Define congenital etiology.
caused by abnormal development in utero, problem is present at birth
Define genetic etiology.
caused by a problem with genes, may not be present at birth
Define acquired etiology.
acquired after birth (postnatal) due to pathogens, toxins, injury…
Define iatrogenic etiology.
result of a treatment or procedure, ex. side effect of a med, UTI from catheter
What does predisposition mean?
something that enhances the risk of/promotes the development of disease
What does acute mean in reference to a disease?
rapid onset or short duration (usually less than 3 months)
What does chronic mean in reference to a disease?
long duration (usually 3 or more months), can have a rapid or insidious onset
What are manifestations?
Signs and symptoms of a disease
What does subclinical mean?
not present/detected clinically, pathology is present but there are no obvious manifestations
What is a lesion?
A local pathological tissue change from the normal histology.
What is therapy?
treatment to enhance recovery
What does prognosis mean?
possibility of a recovery
What does atrophy mean?
decrease in tissue mass due to a decrease in cell number or cell size
What does hyperplasia mean?
increase in tissue mass due to an increase in cell number
What does hypertrophy mean?
enlarged tissue mass due to an increase in cell size
What is metaplasia?
when one normal tissue is replaced by another normal tissue
What is dysplasia?
increase division of cells yielding cells that vary in size, shape and organization, can result in loss of function, can be precancerous
What is anaplasia?
undifferentiated cells (do not take form of the normal cells in the tissue it is in), causes a loss of function and is almost always cancer
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
What is necrosis?
premature cell death due to injury, abnormal
What is chemotaxis?
attracting cells by way of chemicals
What is margination?
when leukocytes stop and stick to the endothelium in a particular area
What is diapedesis?
also called emigration, when leukocytes move from the blood vessel out into the tissue space
What is hyperemia?
above normal blood volume in vessel
What is the rouleau formation?
when RBCs aggregate and “stack,” is increased during inflammation and serves to slow blood down in capillaries
What is symptomatology?
collection of signs and symptoms, can be characteristic of a particular disease and therefore can be used to make a diagnosis
What is fever?
an elevated body temperature caused by a change to the temperature set point in the hypothalamus
What five variables affect the extent of cell injury?
1) injurious agent
2) intensity
3) duration
4) loss of perfusion?
5) cell type
What three basic problems can injury cause?
1) deficiency
2) intoxication
3) trauma
What are three common mechanisms of injury?
1) hypoxia - deficiency of oxygen affects ATP production, causes lactic acid build up if cells make ATP anaerobically
2) free radicals - fragments of chemicals that are toxic and reactive, interfere with cells
3) calcium ion imbalance - enter cell (from outside and from mitochondria) when cell injured, causes inappropriate activation of enzymes, leads to cell damage
