Cellular Immunity

Question 1

What is immunity:

Answer 1

Resistance of macroorganisms against infectious agents, foreign cells and their products

Question 2

What is the division of immunity:

Answer 2

• Specific and Non-specific
• Humoral and Cellular
• Active and Passive

Question 3

Specific immunity:

Answer 3

• Acquired
• Adaptive

Question 4

Non-specific immunity:

Answer 4

• Natural
• Inherited

Question 5

What are some factors causing Secondary Immunodeficiencies:

Answer 5

External Factors
* Non-infectious (nutrition, stress, drugs, trauma)
* Infectious (viruses, bacteria, parasites)

Internal Factors
* Physiological (pregnancy, age, ..)
* Pathological (metabolic or endocrine disorders, tumours)

Question 6

What are the clinical signs indicating secondary immunodeficiency:

Answer 6

• Occurrence of chronic and recurrent infection
• Concurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections
• Diseases caused by microbes that are usually apathogenic
• Outbreak of disease after vaccination
• Failure to respond to antibiotics or chemotherapeutic therapy

Question 7

What are some consequences of Immunodeficiency:

Answer 7

• Increased neonatal morbidity and mortality
• Opportunist infection
• Recurrent infection resistant to therapy
• Insufficient immune response after vaccination (insufficient protection)
• Signs of diseases after utilisation of MLV (Murine Leukaemia Virus ???)

Question 8

Steps of Phagocytosis:

Answer 8

1. Chemotaxis
2. Adherence
3. Ingestion
4. Digestion

Question 9

Test used to evaluate Chemotaxis:

Answer 9

Chemotaxis un agarosis

Question 10

Tests used to evaluate Ingestion of Phagocytes:

Answer 10

• Ingestion of bacteria, yeast, particles - MSHP

Question 11

Test used to evaluate Digestion of Phagocytes:

Answer 11

NBT

Question 12

Mechanisms of immunosuppression induced by intracellular bacteria:

Answer 12

Phagocytosis Inhibition
* Adherence inhibition
* Fusion lysosyme
* Escape from phagolysosome into cytoplasma
* Resistance to lysosomal enzymes
* Alveolar macrophages killing and inhibition of respiratory burst

Question 13

Immunosuppressive mechanisms of Extracellular bacteria:

Answer 13

Phagocytosis inhibition
Negative alteration of complement cascade

Question 14

B-Lymphocytes belong to:

Answer 14

Humoral immunity
- differentiation into memory and plasma cells (Antibody production)

Question 15

T-Lymphocyte belong to:

Answer 15

• Cellular immunity
  -differentiation into memory or effector cells (cytokine production)

Question 16

CD 3, CD 4 and CD 8 belong to:

Answer 16

T-Lymphocytes

Question 17

C 22 belongs to:

Answer 17

B-Lymphocytes

Question 18

Methods to evaluate Lymphocyte function:

Answer 18

• Flow cytometry (Monoclonal Ab)
• Fluorescence technique ( Monoclonal Ab + FITC)
• Proliferation activity-blasttransformation test (after mitogenstimulation
• Spectrophotometric evaluation (BrDu assay, MTT)
• Spectrofluorometric evaluation (ethidium bromide test)
• Radiometric (tymidine incorporation test)

Question 19

Mitogens:

Answer 19

• PHA
• ConA
• Pokeweed

Question 20

Which bacteria causes Pyoderma:

Answer 20

Staphylococcus intermedius