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AP Biology > Cellular Energetics (Unit 3) > Flashcards

Cellular Energetics (Unit 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A chemical agent that speeds up reactions without being consumed

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2
Q

What is the structure of an enzyme

A

Tertiary structure
Can be charged made of polar amino acids (R group)

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3
Q

Endergonic

A

Endothermic and non spontaneous G>0

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4
Q

Exergonic

A

Exothermic and spontaneous G<0

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5
Q

What does induced fit mean?

A

Chemical groups of active site mold to catalyze substrate

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6
Q

How can an active site lower the activation energy?

A
  • Orienting substrate properly
  • Straining substrate bonds
  • Favorable microenvironment
  • Covalently bonding
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7
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Loss of conformational shape - typically not reversible

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8
Q

What is a prosthetic group?

A

A permanent non-protein enzyme helper

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9
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

A temporary non-protein enzyme helper

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10
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A organic non-protein enzyme helper

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11
Q

Describe competitive inhibition

A

Binding to active site and competing with substrate

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12
Q

Describe non competitive inhibition

A

Binding to the allosteric site, causing shape change, making active site less effective

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13
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the chemical reactions in an organism

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14
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

Releases energy by BREAKING DOWN complex molecules into simpler compounds
ex Cellular respiration

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15
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

Consumes energy to BUILD molecules
ex. Dehydration synthesis of amino acids to build a protein

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16
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

The stud of how energy flows through living organisms

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17
Q

What is spontaneous process?

A

Happens without energy input, increases the entropy of the universe

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18
Q

What are paired reactions?

A

One reaction feeding the energy requirements of another reaction
The entropy of an organism goes down, but the entropy of the universe goes up

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19
Q

Are cells at equilibrium? Why?

A

No. They are open systems with constant flow of energy and materials

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20
Q

How do cells manage energy resources?

A

Energy coupling ( use of exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction) - mediated by ATP

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21
Q

How is energy from ATP released?

A

When the terminal phosphate bond is broken by hydrolysis

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22
Q

How does ATP drive endergonic reactions?

A

By phosphorylation, transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule (the phosphorylated intermediate)

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23
Q

How does a cell regulate metabolic pathways?

A

By switching on/off genes that ecode specific enzymes or regulation enzyme activity

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24
Q

What is allosteric regulation?

A

Occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one end, affeting the function at another site (inhibits of stimulates the enzymes activity)

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25
Q

What is cooperactivity?

A

A form of allosteric regulation that amplifies enzyme activity

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26
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

The end product of a metabolic pathway shutting down the pathway

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27
Q

What happens in light dependant reactions

A

The chloroplasts trap solar energy and transform the energy to the reducing power of NADPH and the chemical energy of ATP

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28
Q

What happens in light independant reactions?

A

The energy of ATP and NADPH are used to reduce CO2 to synthesize glucose

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29
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Energy store in a concentration gradient is used to generate ATP

30
Q

What are autotrophs

A

Automatic feeder ( make their own food)

31
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that obtain organic material from other organisms

32
Q

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

A

Granum (plural = grana)

33
Q

What is the space inside a thylakoid called?

A

Lumen

34
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Mostly in the cells of the mesohpyll (interior leaf tissue)

35
Q

Are guard cells photsynthetic?

A

Yes. They need glucose to power their cells to open/close

36
Q

What is reduced in photosynthesis?

A

CO2 ——> C6H12O2 (gains e-)

37
Q

What is oxidized in photosynthesis?

A

H2O2 ——-> 6O2

38
Q

NADPH and ATP have major what power?

A

Reducing power so they give away e-

39
Q

What are photosynthetic pigments?

A

They abosrb visible light
ex leaves are green because chlorophyll reflects green light

40
Q

What happens when a pigment absorbs light?

A

it goes from a ground state to an excited (unstable) state
When the electron falls back to its ground state, photos are given off (afterglow/floresence)

41
Q

Describe a photosystem

A

A photosystem consists of a reaction center complex (where chlorpohyll are found) surrounded by light harvesting complexes

42
Q

What is/does a light harvesting complex do?

A

Pigment molecules bound to proteins
They transfer energy of photons to the reaction center

43
Q

What does a primary electron acceptor do?

A

Accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result

44
Q

Where does the light reaction occur?

A

In the thylakoids

45
Q

What happens in the light reaction?

A
  • Splits H2O
  • releases O2
  • reduces the electron acceptor NADP+ to NADPH
  • Generates ATP from ADP by phosphorylation
46
Q

What does the proton pump do?

A

Pumps H+ into the thylakoid lumen, building up a concentration gradient

47
Q

What does the concentration gradient do?

A

Flows out (passive transport) by moving through the transmembrane protein which spins and creates ATP

48
Q

How is NADPH produced?

A

e- from photosystem 2 replaces e- photosystem 1 gave to carrier proteins, and the energy goes to producing NADPH

49
Q

What is the reaction center chlorophyll of ps1?

A

P700

50
Q

What is the reaction center chlorophyll of ps2?

A

P680

51
Q

What is the calvin benson cycle?

A

The light independent reaction that occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts
It reduces CO2 to Glucose

52
Q

What happens in the first phase of the calvin benson cycle?

A

Carbon Fixation
Carbon enters as CO2 and leaves as G3P

53
Q

What is the second phase of the calvin benson cycle?

A

Reduction
e- is gained by reducing a G3P (powered by oxidizing ATP)

54
Q

What is the third phase of the calvin benson cycle?

A

Regeneration of CO2 acceptor (RUBP)

55
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Requires a complete metabolic pathway by which electrons are transferred by high energy glucose to low energy O2
Energy is released a resynthesizes ATP from ADP and Pi

56
Q

What is anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

Consumes thins other than O2
ex fermentation

57
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The partial degradation of sugars without O2
It uses substrate level phosphorylation instead of ETC to generate ATP

58
Q

What is oxidized and what is reduced in cellular respiration?

A

Glucose is oxidized, O2 is reduced

59
Q

What is Nad+’s function?

A

Electron acceptor, but acts like an oxidizing agent during C.R

60
Q

What happens in the first stage of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis - In cytosol
- Breaks glucose down into two molecules of pyruvate or pyruvic acid

61
Q

What happens in the second stage of cellular respiration?

A

Citric Acid Cycle (kerbs cycle) - in Mitochondria
- Completes glucose breakdown

62
Q

What happens in the third stage of cellular respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation - in inner membrane of Mitochondria
- Most of ATP synthase (from e- transport chain and chemiosmosis)

63
Q

Describe the krebs cycle

A

Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing pyruvate.
generates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 2 CO2

64
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

A

Mitochondria transfer energy from chemical energy to ATP
Protons are pumped to inner membrane space and drive ATP synthase as they diffuse back to mitochondrial matrix

65
Q

How do NADH and FADH2 relate to the electron transport chain in cellular respiration/

A

These electron carriers donate electrons to the ETC which powers ATP synthase via oxidative phosphorylation

66
Q

What is the inner mitochondrial membrane called?

A

Cristae

67
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen

68
Q

What is proton motive force?

A

H+ gradient (capacity to do work)

69
Q

What is the energy flow in cellular respiration?

A

Glucose -> NADH -> ETC -> Proton Motive Force

70
Q

What type of fermentation doesnt release CO2?

A

Lactic acid fermentation

71
Q

What are obligate Anaerobes?

A

They carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2

72
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Organisms that can survive by doing either type of cellular respiration
ex yeast

AP Biology (7 decks)

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